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Deepa Patel Doctor of Pharmacy Candidate, 2012 Mercer COPHS Presented on July 22, 2011
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Disparities in healthcare by gender can be somewhat linked to the greater need for care throughout the lifespan of a female patient when compared to males Females have a greater need for reproductive and preventative care during their younger yours Females also have a greater need for treatment from numerous chronic disease states at an older age Nearly 80% of women have a usual primary care provider, whereas 72% of males do Females are more likely to be unable to receive or receiveddelayed medical care, dental care, or prescription medications
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Studies indicate that patients are more receptive to communicating when they are able to relate to the information being presented Female physicians have demonstrated a greater skill of gathering subjective information from patients
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2010 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report
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Both genders had decreases in hospitalizations for lower extremity amputation from 2005 to 2007 Males, however, had twice as many admissions as women for diabetes
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The number of female adult hemodialysis patients that were receiving adequate dialysis was higher than that of male adult hemodialysis patients Males are more likely to be registered on a kidney transplant waiting list
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Leading cause of death Females had higher rates of inpatient heart attack mortality than men Rate of receipt of a fibrinolytic medication was higher in males than women Both male and female patients with heart failure were discharged with appropriate medications at a rate of 82%
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HIV infection death rate for males was more than twice that of females (5.4 per 100,000 population versus 2.1)
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3 rd most common cancer in adults Rate of advanced stage colorectal cancer in males are significantly higher than women The rate for both genders, however, is decreasing significantly
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No differences in the treatment of hospitalized pneumonia patients Tuberculosis Both genders increased the percentage of patients who completed therapy Female patients were more likely to complete treatment when compared to males Females had lower rates of post operative respiratory failure, sepsis, and deaths following complications of care
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Female patients are 11% more likely to receive treatment for a major depressive episode compared to male patients Males had suicide rates four times higher than females
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Females are significantly less likely to complete substance abuse treatment, 41% compared to 47.1%
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Pressure ulcers Both genders had decreases in short and long term stay incidence of ulcers Females were less likely to have either type Female patients were more likely to receive potentially inappropriate medications
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MaleFemale Kidney transplant waiting list registration Inpatient myocardial infarctions Appropriate medication dispensed Completion of substance abuse treatment Diabetes Adequate dialysis in ESRD HIV Colorectal Cancer Tuberculosis Post operative respiratory failure Sepsis Deaths following complications of care Major Depressive Disorder Suicide Attempts Pressure Ulcers
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Male patients are more likely to be uninsured Many associate the incidence of women having insurance coverage with increased ease of availability of programs such as Medicaid for children and prenatal care An argument can be formed that increased needs for healthcare in females makes having insurance a greater need than with male patients
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March 2010: Two federal statutes colloquially referred to as “Health care reform” passed Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act One of the main goals is to expand insurance coverage, particularly to low and moderate income and uninsured adults
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In 2006 the state passed its health care insurance reform law Parallels goals with National Reform: State regulated minimum healthcare insurance coverage Free health care for residents below established income levels even if patient doesn’t qualify for Medicaid Reduce burden of EMTALA
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“Have Gender Gaps in Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Narrowed under Health Reform? Findings from Massachusetts.” Cross sectional study based on surveys Observed differences pre health care reform (2006) and post reform (2009) in adults by gender Insurance coverage Access to health care Use of healthcare Affordability
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Overall, younger and older women continue to use more care than men under healthcare reform Despite increases in insurance coverage, women were still more likely to report unmet needs for health care and problems affording care than men Especially true in younger adults
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Coverage does not always translate to access to healthcare and affordability of care Particularly in patients with greater healthcare needs, such as women of all age groups Despite mandated healthcare coverage, affordability is a major concern Preventative care coverage standards vary greatly amongst states
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