1. Extend of Ownership Enjoyment of Land jady@ukm.my

2. Harta tak alih (immovable) - adalah harta yang tidak
boleh dialihkan iaitu tanah dan semua yang melekat padanya.
Harta (property):
Harta alih (moveable) - adalah harta selain dari hartanah termasuklah barang-barang dan chattel.
ownership
possession
Pemunyaan bermakna hak milik – atas harta alih atau hartanah.
Pemunya tanah yg sah & berdaftar memiliki tanah melalui pemberimilikan oleh melalui pembelian (pindahmilik) dari individu lain.  
Umumnya pemunyaan termasuk:
a. hak untuk memilikinya / mendudukinya
b. hak eksklusif untuk menggunakan sesuatu
c. hak untuk melupuskannya   
d. hak untuk mewariskannya selepas mati
Milikan menggambarkan sesuatu yang lebih rendah kepentingannya dari pemunyaan.
Milikan bermakna sesuatu yang berada di tangan atau di dalam pemilikan/penguasaan seseorang walaupun ia bukan hak miliknya.
Contohnya: penyewa tanah, penerima pajakan dan pemegang lesen pendudukan sementara (LPS).
Tidak akan ada hak (c) dan (d) di atas.
Lawful Possession
Unlawful Possession
Tenant, Lease, Charge
TOL
Squarter
Ttrespasser
s. 5 – ‘Registered Proprietor’

3. cujus est solum euis est usque ad coelum et ad inferos
AIRSPACE
cujus est solum euis est usque ad coelum et ad inferos
Piece of land
BELOW THE SURFACE
Concept
Corbett v Hill (1870) LR Eq 671
Tam Kam Cheong v Stephen Leong [1980] 1 MLJ 36
POSITIVE
S. 44(1)(a) and(c)
1. Natural incident of proprietorship
NEGATIVE
s. 44(1)(b)
Restrictions on Ownership
PRIVATE AGREEMENT
2. Acquired – easement under s. 286
By STATE AUTHORITY
3. Imposed – LAROW under s. 388
4. Compulsory Acquisition

4. The exclusive use and enjoyment of air space
s. 441(a) – Limb 1
The exclusive use and enjoyment of air space
Common Law Development
National Land Code 1965
Absolute - No Restriction
Not Absolute – 4 considerations s. 44(1)
Kelsen v Imperial Tobacco Co (1975)2 QB 334
Held: Invasion of the plaintiff’s air space was a trespass and not a mere nuisance.
Subject to other provisions of NLC-
Subject to any other written law-
Reasonable and necessary-
Lawful-
Bernstein of Leigh (Baron) v Skyviews & General (1978)QB 479
Does air space subject to ownership of the proprietor
s. 19 (1) Civil Aviation Act 1969
Does proprietor’s right of enjoyment affected if negligence occur resulting to material loss an damage.
Karrupanan v Balakrishnen, Chong Lee Chin & Ors [1994] 3 MLJ 584
s. 19 (2) Civil Aviation Act 1969
Issues
Woolerton and Wilson v Richard Costain Ltd [1970] 1 WLR 411
Is there any need to balance the rights of proprietor against the rights of people
Private v Public Issue
England: Rosebery Ltd v Rocklee Ltd [2011] All ER 139
Malaysia: Chen Yue Kiew v Angkasamas Sdn Bhd [2003] 4 MLJ 365

5. The exclusive use and enjoyment of and the land below that surface
s. 441(a) – Limb 2
The exclusive use and enjoyment of and the land below that surface
Common Law Development
National Land Code 1965
Absolute - No Restriction
Not Absolute – 4 considerations
s. 45(2) – minerals, rock material and forest produce are belongs to State Authority.
Bulli Coal Mining v Osborne (1899) AC 351
Trespass of underground; steal a neighbour’s coal. It may be committed in good faith. Some circumstances would render the wrongdoer liable to a prosecution of felony.
s. 70 – Exception under NLC: permit.
Equity Corporation Sdn Bhd v Thye Sun Quarry Sdn Bhd [2002] 6 MLJ 74
Defendant sought to terminate the lease. Plaintiff seeks specific performance claiming that the defendant had breach the term – failing to obtain the quarry license and other permits in That leads the Authorities refused to issue a quarry license to the plaintiff in 1997.
Star Energy Weald Basin Ltd v Bocardo SA [2010] UKSC 35
Does drilling the well under Bocardo’s land an actionable trespass?
Yes. The owner of the surface is the owner of the strata beneath it, including the minerals that are to be found there.

6. s. 44(1)(b)
Concept
Right to the support of land in its NATURAL STATE
There is no interference of human activity. If soil erosion as a catastrophic activity, no claim against adjoining landowner.
Negative Right: does not give a corresponding positive right to support from the adjoining property, but merely gives a right to take action if existing natural support from the adjoining land is lost or interfered with – Ainul Jaria et al, p. 95
Support for adjacent land
Types
Support for adjacent slope land
National Land Code
Common Law Principle
Madam Chah Siam v Chop Choy Kong Kongsi (1939)
Dalton v Agus (1881)
At times be acquired for uninterrupted enjoyment
Immediately upon disposal by State Authority
Ohna Mohamed Abu Bakar v Tho Yan Poh (1914)
Guan Soon Tin Miing v Ampang Estate Ltd [1973] 1 MLJ 25
Yong Joo Lin v Fung Poi Fong (1941)
Yip Shou Shan v Sin Heap Lee Marubeni Sdn Bhd [2002] 5 MLJ 113

7. Land abuts on the foreshore / river / public places
s. 44(1)(c)
Concept
Land abuts on the foreshore / river / public places
s. 5 of foreshore (between shoreline and the low water mark)
Subject to:
Any express provision in IDT, lease or license
s. 46(1) – land affected by encroachment by the sea – revert to PBN
s. 49 – cease to form part of the land
- Government of the State of Penang v BH Oon [1971] 2 MLJ 235
s. 353(2) – re survey of the land having natural boundaries – no compensation payable by PBN
- Re Sithambaram Chettiar (1955) MLJ 213
Admiral Cove Development Sdn Bhd v Balakrishnan a/l Devaraj [2011] 5 MLJ 309
Misrepresentation to the physical state of the property – accessibility directly to the beach

8. Thank you