1. By: Ellie Conzatti, Kelsey Betteridge, and Michele Short
Respiratory system
By: Ellie Conzatti, Kelsey Betteridge, and Michele Short

2. Functions
Cellular Respiration (obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide)
Removing particles from the air
Transport air to and from lungs
Control temperature and moisture content of air
Produce vocal sounds
Help regulate blood pH and sense of smell

3. Structures of the Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal cavity
Hard palate
Nostril
Oral cavity
Larynx
Bronchus
Right & left lung
Soft palate
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Trachea

4. Organs of the Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose, Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

5. Nose Bone and cartilage support the nose
There are two nostrils which air can
enter and leave the nasal cavity
Hairs within the nostrils prevent
large particles from entering

6. Nasal Cavity Hollow space behind the nose
The nasal septum divides the right and left portions of the nasal cavity
Nasal concha are bones that curl away from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on each side forming passageways within the cavity
Mucous membrane has…
* pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium
* mucus-secreting goblet cells
* network of blood vessels
* mucus lining
* sticky mucus

7. Paranasal sinuses
Hollow spaces in certain skull bones which are located in the:
Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid Bones
Reduces weight of skull
Serves as resonant chambers
Affects the sound of the voice

8. Pharynx Chamber behind nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx
Passageway for air moving from nasal
cavity to larynx
Food moves from oral cavity to esophagus

9. Larynx
Passageway for air and prevents foreign objects from entering trachea
The glotis is the opening between the vocal cords that closes during swallowing. During breathing , they are relaxed and it looks like a triangular slit.
A framework of muscles and cartilages compose the larynx
Thyroid (“Adam’s apple”)
Cricoid
Epiglottic cartilages

10. Larynx (cont.)
Contains the epiglottis, a flap-like structure that closes downward to cover the opening into the larynx during swallowing. This prevents food and liquids from entering the air passages.

11. Trachea (Windpipe)
Flexible tube that connects the larynx with the bronchial tree by splitting into left and right bronchi.
Passageway for air
Air is being filtered by a ciliated mucous membrane covering the wall. Filtered air is moved upward into the pharynx where the mucus is swallowed.
Consists of about 20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage pieces which are filled with smooth muscle and connective tissue between the ends.

12. Bronchial Tree Branched tubes that lead from the trachea to the lungs
Has a mucous lining that continues to filter incoming air
Divides into the right and left primary bronchi and then each one further divides into secondary bronchi.
Bronchioles are among these smaller tubes and finally break into small tubes called alveolar ducts, which lead to alveolar sacs. Alveolar sacs are surrounded by alveoli.

13. Bronchial Tree (cont.)
The alveoli’s large surface area of epithelial cells allow gases to be exchanged. Oxygen enters nearby capillaries and carbon dioxide enters the alveoli from the blood through these walls.

14. Lungs
Soft, cone-shaped organs that occupy a large portion of the thoracic cavity
Contains air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves of the lower respiratory tract.
The visceral pleura, which is a serous membrane, attaches to each lung surface. It folds back to become the parietal pleura, a part of the mediastinum, a layer of the inner wall of the thoracic cavity. The potential space between these two layers is the pleural cavity.
The right lung is larger than the left
The right is divided into three parts
The left is divided into two parts

15. Breathing Mechanism
The movement of air coming from the outside of the body and going into and out the bronchial tree and alveoli
Inspiration- inhaling
Expiration- exhaling

16. Inspiration
When the pressure in the lungs and alveoli decreases, the pressure pushes outside the air into the pathways
This is normal inspiration. While the external intercostal muscles between the ribs are contracting, this is what raises the ribs and the sternum, causing the thoracic cavity to enlarge
When a person needs to take a bigger and deeper breath, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contracts even more to help with the breathing

17. Expiration
To get back to the normal shape, the abdominal organs bounce back pushing the diaphragm up again
When a person needs to exhale more than normal, the posterior internal intercostal muscles are contracting
This causes the ribs and sternum down and in which increases the pressure inside the lungs

18. Respiratory Center
Respiratory muscles are voluntary whereas normal breathing is involuntary
The respiratory center controls both inspiration and expiration
It is a group of neurons
The neurons are scattered throughout the medulla oblongata and the pons
The dorsal respiratory group controls the rhythm of inspiration
This impulses the diaphragm and the other inspiratory to contract
It begins weak, strengthens for two seconds and decreases again
The muscles that contract, increase the air that enters the lungs
The ventral respiratory group is quiet when the breathing is normal, but when more force is needed, this impulses an increase in the inspiratory movement.

19. Respiratory Membrane
The aveolus consists of inner lining of simple squamous epithelium and capillaries as well
Thin basement membranes separate these layers and in the spaces between, the elastic and collagenous fibers support the alveolar wall
Composed of the alveolar wall and the capillary wall through which air exchanges gases

20. Air and Blood Exchange Gases Across Alveoli To Capillaries
Diffusion occurs from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.
Ordinary air consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and .04% carbon dioxide.
The pressure each gas gives is the partial pressure.
Gas concentration is proportional to its partial pressure
PCO2 in capillaries is 45 mm Hg while in alveolar air it is 40 mm Hg
PO2 in blood is 40 mm Hg while in alveolar air it is 104 mm Hg

21. Gas Transport By Blood Oxygen
Oxygen binds to an iron protein, called hemoglobin, to form oxyhemoglobin.
Since oxygen and hemoglobin molecules are unstable, oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen into nearby cells.
More oxygen is released when:
Po2 decreases
Carbon Dioxide concentration increases
Blood becomes increasingly acidic
Blood temperature increases
Hypoxia is a deficiency of oxygen reaching the cells.

22. Gas Transport By Blood As carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma
If the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide is higher in the tissues, more will dissolve in the plasma.
As a compound bonded to hemoglobin
Carbon dioxide binds to the protein part of hemoglobin, not the iron, and therefore does not compete with the binding of oxygen. This bond creates carbaminohemoglobin.
In the form of a bicarbonate ion
Carbon dioxide and water react to create carbonic acid.
Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme in red blood cells that speeds up the reaction.
Carbonic acid splits to become a hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion.
Carbon Dioxide is transported to the lungs in 1 of 3 ways:
As carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma.
As a compound bonded to hemoglobin.
In the form of a bicarbonate ion

23. Factors that Affect Breathing
Central chemoreceptors sense changes in the cerebrospinal fluid of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
When more carbon dioxide is being exhaled, the blood and CSF causes the breathing rate to decrease
Hyperventilation is when someone is breathing really deep and rapidly
This causes an increase in breath

24. Diseases Laryngitis Hoarsness or lack of voice
The mucus membrane of the larynx becomes inflamed and swollen due to infection or an irritation from inhaled vapors
Prevents the vocal chords from vibrating freely

25. Emphysema
Progressive and pregenerative disease that destroys alveolar walls
As a result, surface area decreases and the volume of gases exchanged through the membrane reduces
Expiration becomes more difficult
Caused by repeated exposure to respiratory irritants like tobacco and pollution

26. Lung Cancer
Division of cells that take the nutrients and oxygen out of normal cells
It can sometimes be developed from other cancer cells in different parts of the body
Cancer cells form tumors that block air passages and decrease the exchange of gas

27. Works Cited
Butler, Jakie, Lewis Ricki, Shier David. Eds. Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Print.
“Chapter 16 Outline Respiratory System.” PHED. Web. 14 May 2013<
How Stuff Works." N.p., n.d. Web. 8 May <science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/question139.htm >.
"Middle Nasal Conchae." c/media/Ethmoid%20Bone/MiddleNasalConchae.jpg.html. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May < c/media/Ethmoid%20Bone/MiddleNasalConchae.jpg.html >.
National Institutes of Health. “General Information About Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer.” National Care Institute. 18 January Web. 14 May 2013<
Powell, k. “What is the Trachea”. Wise Geek Web. 14 May 2013< is-the- trachea.htm
Tamarkin, Dawn. Respiratory Organs STCC Foundation Press. Photograph