1. COM 205 Multimedia Applications St. Joseph’s College Fall 2004

2. Chapter 4 Text

3. Overview Importance of text in a multimedia presentation. Understanding fonts and typefaces. Using text elements in a multimedia presentation. Computers and text. Font editing and design tools. Multimedia and hypertext.

4. Text came into use about 6,000 years ago Text in History

5. Revolution in Communication Using symbols for communication relatively recent - 6,0000 years old 15th Century- Johann Gutenburg printing press revolutionized information Recently - another revolution - the World Wide Web and its native language - HTML

6. The Power of Meaning and the Importance of Text  Titles  Menus  Navigational aids Words must be chosen carefully Words appear in: Test the words you plan to use Keep a thesaurus handy

7. Using Text in Multimedia Type terminology Typeface Arial Courier Times Fonts Points Styles Leading Kerning

8. Fonts and Faces A typeface is a family of graphic characters that includes many type sizes and styles (such as Times, Arial, Helvetica) A font is a collection of characters of a single size and style belonging to a typeface family (such as bold, italic) Font sizes are in points 1 point = 1/72 inch (measured from top to bottom of descenders in capital letter) X-height is the height of the lower case letter x

9. Character Metrics

10. Factors affecting legibility of text –Size. –Background and foreground color. –Style. –Leading (pronounced “ledding”).

11. Styles Examples of styles are boldface and italic Italic Bold Underlined

12. Leading and Kerning Computers can adjust the line spacing (called leading) leading and the space between pairs of letters, called kerning

13. Fonts and Faces PostScript, TrueType and Master fonts can be altered Bitmapped fonts cannot be altered The computer draws or rasterizes a letter on the screen with pixels or dots.

14. Cases When type was set by hand, the type for a font was kept in a drawer or case, The upper drawer held the capital letters, and the lower drawer held the smaller letters From this we get the terms uppercase and lowercase

15. Case Sensitive Password, and paths in a URL are case sensitive ( that is “home” is different from “HOME”) It is easier to read words that have a mixture of upper and lower case letters rather than all upper case Computer terms use an intercap for readability as in PageMaker, or LastName

16. Serif and Sans Serif Type either has a little decoration at the end of the letter - called a serif or it doesn’t - sans serif ( “sans” from the French meaning without) Examples ( Times - serif “ T ” ) ( Arial - sans serif “ T ”) Use what is appropriate to convey your message

17. Using Text In Multimedia WYSIWYG - What you see is what you get! Aim for a balance between too much text and too little Make web pages no more than 1 to 2 screenfuls of text Bring the user to the destination with as few actions as possible

18. Text Font Design Tips Use the most legible font available Use as few different faces as possible ( too many called “ransom-note” typography Use bold and italics to convey meaning Adjust line spacing ( leading) Adjust the spacing between letters in headings to remove gaps Use colors and background to make type stand out Use meaningful word for links and menus

19. More Text Font Design Tips Anti-aliasing or dithering blends colors along the edges of letters to create gentle effect. Experiment with shadows Surround headlines with white space T ry attention grabbing effect with color, word art or large drop letters at the beginning of text

20. Menus For Navigation A Multimedia project or web site should include: –content or information –navigation tools such as menus, mouse clicks, key presses or touch screen –some indication or map of where the user is in the presentation

21. Buttons for Interaction Buttons are objects that make things happen when they are clicked Use common button shapes and sizes Label them clearly BE SURE THEY WORK!

22. Fields for Reading Reading from a computer screen is slower than from a book People blink 3-5 times/minute, using a computer and 20-25 times/minute reading a book This reduced eye movement causes fatigue, dryness Try to present only a few paragraphs per page

23. Portrait vs. Landscape Monitor use wider-than-tall aspect ratios called landscape Most books use taller-than- wide orientation, called portrait Don’t try to shrink a full page onto a monitor portrait landscape

24. HTML Documents Standard document format on the web is called Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML) Originally designed for text not multimedia - now being redesigned as Dynamic HTML ( DHTML), which uses CSS (Cascading Style sheets) and permits defining text choices. Specify typefaces, sizes colors and properties by “marking up” the text with tags (such as, )

25. HTML Documents The Font tag is used to specify the font to be displayed (if present) If those fonts are not on the system, the default is used ( see p. 55-57 for common fonts)

26. Symbols and Icons Symbols act like “visual words” to convey meaning, (called icons) –MAC - trash can –Windows - hourglass Icons and sound are more easily remembered than words It is useful to label icons for clarity See “smileys” in textbook (p. 61)

27. Animating Text To grab a viewer’s attention: –let text “fly” onto screen –rotate or spin text, etc. Use special effects sparingly or they become boring

28. Computers and Text Mac standard - 72 pixels/ inch PC - VGA - 96 pixels/inch Screen ( 640 pixels across x 480 down, called 640 x480 resolution) Today much higher resolution possible

29. Fonts “Wars” Apple - Adobe PostScript page description font language –describes an image in terms of mathematical constructs (Bezier curves) –Can be scaled larger or smaller –Currently > 6,000 typefaces available Apple & Microsoft created TrueType

30. Computers and Text Allow text to be drawn at any size without “jaggies”, by anti-aliasing the edges of the characters

31. Fonts and Characters Fonts smaller than 12 point are not very legible on a monitor Never assume the fonts installed on your computer are on all computers Stay with TrueType fonts ordinarily ASCII character set - most common Extended Character set - used for HTML UNICODE –supports characters for all known languages

32. Unicode Developed in 1989 for multilingual text Contains 65,000 characters form all known languages and alphabets Where several languages share a set of symbols, they are grouped into a collection called scripts ( eg. Latin, Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek, Tibetan, etc.) Shared symbols are unified into collections called scripts

33. Unicode Numbers Mathematical symbols Punctuation Arrows, blocks and drawing shapes Technical symbols

34. Mapping Text Across Platforms Viewing a presentation on either MAC and PC reveals differences Fonts must be mapped from one machine to another If same font doesn’t exist on the other machine, one is substituted ( called font substitution) To avoid this, convert to bitmaps

35. Representing Languages Some contain different symbols Others represent an entire concept with a single symbol (as in some Asian languages) Translating into another language is called localization

36. Font Editing and Design Tools Allow you to create your own fonts –ResEdit for MAC –Fontographer (from Macromedia) caan be used to create Postscript, TrueType and bitmapped fonts for MAC, PB, SUN includes a freehand drawing tool –3D programs, such as COOL 3D and HotTEXT, create special effects –See text for descriptions

37. Font Editing and Design Tools –Fontographer (from Macromedia)

38. Editing and Design Tools

39. Hypermedia and Hypertext Hyper media provides a structure of links Hypertext words are linked to other elements Hypertext is usually searchable by software robots

40. Hypermedia and Hypertext Multimedia - combines text, graphics and audio Interactive multimedia - gives user control over what and when content is viewed (non-linear) Hypermedia -provides a structure of linked elements through which user navigates and interacts

41. Hypermedia Structures  Hypermedia elements are called nodes  Nodes are connected using links  A linked point is called an anchor

42. Hypermedia Structures Link - connections between conceptual elements (navigation pathways and menus) Node - contains text, graphics sounds Anchor - the reference from one document to another document, image, sound or file on the web Link anchor - where you came from

43. Hypermedia and Hypertext Doug Englebart - inventor of mouse 1965 Ted Nelson coined the word “hypertext” Computer-based hypertext systems will fundamentally alter the way humans think, approach literature and the expression of ideas Hotlinks - lead user from one reference to another

44. Using Hypertext Searching for words –boolean search using AND, OR, NOT –truncation - using only part of word, such as geo might yield result with geology, geography, George, etc. Search engines employ “robots” to visit web pages and create indexes.

45. Hypertext Tools Building or authoring –builder creates links, identifies nodes, generates an index of words Reading –both linear and increasingly non-linear Becoming more comfortable with non-linear hypertext systems will change the way we think….