1. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Equality and Diversity Impact Assessment – Accessing Psychological Therapies

2. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology REFERRAL RECEIVED BY SERVICE INITIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT IS COMPLETE AND TREATMENT PLAN IS AGREED* (THIS MAY TAKE A FEW WEEKS) DELIVERY OF LOW INTENSITY PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES/ INTERVENTIONS (HIGH VOLUME) REFERRAL MADE FROM GP OR OTHER SOURCE TRIAGE BY RECEIVING SERVICE DECISION MADE TO ACCEPT REFERRAL OR REFER BACK/ ONWARDS PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY TREATMENT COMMENCES AS PLANNED PATIENT NON ATTENDANCE E.G. DNA PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY TREATMENT IS COMPLETED AS PLANNED PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY TREATMENT IS NOT COMPLETED AS PLANNED E.G. PATIENT SELF DISCHARGES TIME Care pathway

3. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Barriers to accessing Psychological Therapies Anne Joice, Programme Director – Psychological Interventions, NHS Education Scotland Helen Walker, Education Project Manager NHS Education Scotland

4. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Outline  Philosophical underpinning  Case identification  The development of the therapeutic relationship  The therapy itself  Minority groups Gender Age Ethnicity Sexual orientation Physical health Disability Mental health Socio-economic

5. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Philosophical barriers  Philosophical underpinning to health and therapy ­Mind-body separation  Constructs of illness ­Perception of problems as physical or spiritual ­Somatisation - expecting medication? ­Emotions may be expressed in terms of relationships  Evidence based Healthcare ­Rigorous scientific approaches ­Evidence developed on predominantly white / western cultures ­Valuing spirituality, music, intuition, art, dreams…

6. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Case identification as a barrier  Stages people progress through prior to seeking help – experiencing symptoms, assessing whether treatment is required, weighing up options  ‘Asian’ (which includes Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani) people, are more likely to present to their GP with physical manifestations of their mental health problems, and do so more frequently than White people (Commander et al 1997).  GPs are less likely to detect depression and more likely to diagnose people from an Asians background with a physical disorder (Wilson & McCarthy, 1994; Williams & Hunt, 1997)  Case identification tools have been developed and validated on White populations (Husain et al, 2007).  Cultural specific instruments are being developed (Singh et al, 1974; Abas, 1996) but have not been found to have high specificity (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2009) when compared with other measures.

7. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Barriers to the development of the therapeutic relationship  Communication, trust and the development of a therapeutic relationship are critical to success within psychological therapies  Language and cultural barriers may hinder its development  Often communication of empathy from therapist to client will often rely on modulation of the voice, eye contact, or other subtle means that may be lost across cultures  Belief and hope in the process from both therapist and client is thought to be critical  Many cultures have explicit or implicit taboos about relationships and their confidentiality

8. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology The therapy itself as a barrier  Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is based on assessing the inter- relationship between the environment and the person; focusing on thoughts, feelings, physical symptoms and behaviour ­‘ cognition’ is a culturally based phenomenon ­some people may be uncomfortable separating their thoughts and feelings ­may find the concept of challenging unhelpful thoughts a difficult one to grasp may not accept that the mind has the ‘power’ to make a difference  What is deemed to be ‘normal’ or appropriate behaviour is also a culturally mediated phenomenon.  A lack of confidence in cultural knowledge and understanding may result in some therapists lacking conviction in their ability to help people find solutions to problems that are outside their personal experience.  Transference may be based on a cultural divide

9. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Gender  Men and women are exposed to different risks to mental health and well-being that are linked to socio-economic status, social (and reproductive roles), discrimination, violence and abuse.  The incidence and prevalence of depression and anxiety is higher among women than men (Melzer et al, 2001). - this same pattern is consistent across ethnic groups (Nazroo, 1997; Melzer et al, 2001; Melzer et al, 2004).  Men have higher levels of suicide than women (DH, 2001; WHO, 2003; Samaritans, 2003), have higher levels of substance misuse (Singleton et al, 2001; Scottish Executive, 2003) and are more likely to engage in violent behaviour (Myers, McCollam & Woodhouse, 2005).  There are crucial differences in help seeking behaviour particularly in relation to trauma - men being less likely to address this as part of a psychological therapy

10. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Age  IAPT first wave sites have shown attrition rates decrease when home visits are used for assessment ( 91% attendance)  IAPT service outcome focus on return to work became a perverse incentive that discriminated against Older adults  It is possible that features of adult services can discriminate against older adults e.g. referral ‘opt in’ arrangements  Even when mental health problems are identified, diagnosis doesn’t necessarily result in referral to psychological therapies. GPs often don’t refer, they don’t know what’s available and how effective it can be (Robson and Higgon 2010)  Depression is viewed as an inevitable part of ageing and thus less deserving of treatment and it’s assumed older adults aren’t interested in psychological therapies due to stigma associated with mental illness (Laidlaw 2003)  Women over 60 will is 4 times more likely than a man to fear going out at night (Palmer et al, 2003)

11. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Ethnicity  Common barriers to mental health services include; language, stereotyping, lack of awareness of different understandings of mental illness, cultural insensitivity including toward religious or cultural beliefs, colour-blind approach, direct or indirect racism.  Consideration should be given to what mental health / illness means in different communities, and what the specific experience of stigma and discrimination is to each individual.  Reporting on the Newham IAPT demonstration site, Clarke et al. (2009) found the population consisted of 49% from Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities, with 13% not speaking English.  One in five of the people seen in Newham referred themselves to the service. When compared to GP referrals, self-referral patients were at least as ill and tended to have had their problems for longer

12. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Sexual orientation Many of the risk factors are related to the experience of: economic and social discrimination; abuse, bullying, harassment and violence; and social isolation (Myers, McCollam & Woodhouse, 2005). Factors that affect access to mental health services include;  reluctance by LGBT people to disclose their sexual orientation to health care professionals because of a fear of discrimination or negative response  the lived experience of discrimination and negative reaction following disclosure, including breaches of confidentiality

13. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Physical disability Morris (2004) reports that people with physical impairments and mental health support needs often have difficulty accessing mental health services because of their:  physical impairment  difficulty using physical health services because of the inadequate recognition of their mental health needs  negative attitudes amongst staff towards mental health services. Mann (2004)reports that cognitive impairment is an important factor in explaining treatment failure, commonly due to impaired attention, learning, memory and cognitive flexibility. There’s a strong likelihood that people are likely to drop out of 12 week CBT programmes. People with specific perceptual or sensory disability (deaf / blind) may also have difficulty articulating responses to the therapist

14. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Mental health problems Rogers and Pilgrim (2003) have reported on the inequalities created by service provision which they state has three dimensions:  equity of access to services  negative or stigmatising experience of mental health service provision  longer term impact for individuals.  Clinicians working in mental health can experience difficulty in accessing mental health services

15. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Socioeconomic deprivation  Structural inequality can lead to people feeling distressed and hopeless, and to ‘unfairness being construed as in some way of their own making’ (Myers, McCollam & Woodhouse, 2005, p21) which in turn present barriers in making attempts to access services.  Travel costs to attend therapy can be off-putting

16. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Attrition rates in a primary care service Jim White STEPS Primary Care Mental Health Team

17. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Referrals by SIMD category (1 = most affluent, 10 = most deprived).

18. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology SIMD and therapy type No differences between CBT and PCT No SIMD differences in attendance and completion but SIMD 10s significantly less likely to opt-in

19. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Total referrals 497 Did not opt in: 32% Opted in: 68% Attend first appt: 74% Triaged at first appt:48% Accepted to therapy: 46% Not compl’d: 34% Completed: 66% Not suitable: 6% DNA first appt: 26% 497 75 (38)

20. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology All services are now self-referral

21. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology New STEPS Brochure Therapist contact Advice Clinic ‘Call Back’ Groups Stress Control Mood Matters First Steps Step into Shape Connect LifeGym Day workshops Non-therapist contact Healthy Reading Steps out of Stress booklets www.glasgowsteps.com www.glasgowhelp.com ‘100 people’ DVD ‘Everything you always..’ DVD STEPS sounds / podcasts Other Mental health info and advice اردو بولنے والوں کے لئے مدد Partner organisations Stay in touch with STEPS

22. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Call-backGP-referralNational Time to contact8.7 hours28 days Attend first appt (%)9550 Complete treatment (%) 8434

23. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Who goes where? (%)

24. Quality Education for a Healthier Scotland Psychology Recommendations…. Developing a culturally competent, gender sensitive service  Population level  Service level  Individual level  For more information on the legislation framework please see Equal Minds available at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/11/04145113/51135 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/11/04145113/51135