1. Plan for Korea Rare Isotope Accelerator (KoRIA*) Byungsik Hong (Korea University) October 31, 20091Heavy-Ion Meeting Outline - Introduction - Physics topics - Experimental observables - Summary * Tentative

2. October 31, 20092Heavy-Ion Meeting Research Topics with RIB

3. Nuclear Chart for Nuclear Physics October 31, 20093Heavy-Ion Meeting N Z Terra incógnita Neutron halo and skin Reorganization of the nuclear shell structure Deformation at drip lines Superheavy nuclei r-process (Novae & Supernovae) Drip lines are determined by interplay among -n-p symmetry -Coulomb force -Shell structure -NN correlation Stable Nuclei ≈ 300 Unstable nuclei observed so far ≈ 2700 Drip-lines (limit of existence) by theoretical predictions ≈ 6000 rp-process s-process (Red giants)

4. 28 8 2 20 8 2 50 20 50 82 Landscape of Neutron Drip Line? Where is the neutron drip line? Shell property at drip line? Collectivity, deformation at drip line? Halo nuclei– abundant? universal? How halo is formed towards heavier region? 2n-halo(3body): 6 He, 11 Li, 14 Be, 17,19 B 1n-halo(2body): 11 Be, 19 C Halo found in p-shell, sd-shell ? Giant Halo? 128 Zr: 6n halo? J. Meng and P. Ring, PRL80, 460 (1998) 9 Li 11 Li n n 122 Zr 128 Zr From T. Nakamura

5. H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K N=8 N=16 N=20 N=28 N=2 32 Mg More neutron halo’s along the drip line? * Estimated value by Audi & Wapstra 2n halo known 4n halo (skin) 1n-halo known 22 C [S 2n* =0.42(94) MeV] 31 Ne [S n =0.29(1.64) MeV] Jurado et al. PLB649,43(2007) Island of inversion 19 C Halo? From T. Nakamura

6. RIPS @ RIKEN October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting6 RIB 9 Li n n Target NEUT HOD BOMAG DC DALI 56 NaI(Tl) 11 Li From T. Nakamura 2n breakup of halo nuclei, e.g. 11 Li

7. Nuclear Astrophysics October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting7 7 Be(p,  ) 8 B From T. Motobayashi We can measure 8 B Coulomb dissociation with RIB 8B8B 7 Be p 208 Pb Virtual photons

8. October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting8 25 Al 24 Mg 23 Na 22 Ne 21 Ne 20 Ne 22 Na 23 Mg 24 Al 21 Na 22 Mg 19 F 18 O 21 Mg 20 Na 19 Ne 18 F 17 O 18 Ne 17 F 16 O 15 N 15 O 14 O 13 N 12 C 13 C 14 N   p  HCNO cycle CNO cycle  rp process Stable Unstable CNO cycle : T 9 < 0.2 HCNO cycle: 0.2 < T 9 < 0.5 rp process : T 9 > 0.5 Nova Models Nova Cygni Nova Persei

9. October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting9

10. Superheavy Nuclei: Current Status October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting10

11. Reactions Tried at GSI in 2007-2008 October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting11 112 116 115 114 113 176 118 294 293 292291290 288287 286287288289 284 283278 285284283282 277 119 120 121121 122 238 U( 64 Ni,2-4n) 300-298 120 64 Ni+ 238 U  302 120* 302 120 *

12. Reactions Could be Studied October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting12 112 116 115 114 113 176 118 294 293 292291290 288287 286287288289 284 283278 285284283282 277 119 120 121121 122 238 U( 64 Ni,4n) 298 120 182 238 U( 67 Zn,3n) 302 122 238 U( 68 Zn,3n) 303 122 238 U( 70 Zn,3n) 305 122 From Y.H. Chung, Hallym Univ.

13. Required Detector System October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting13 1.Gas-filled recoil separator 2.Focal plane detectors 3.Rotating wheel system 4.Automated rapid chemistry apparatus – MG wheel 5.On-line gas chromatographic apparatus 6.Something like SISAK in Oslo

14. Spin Structure of Unstable Nuclei 1. Spin-dependent interactions  Origin of fundamental properties of nuclei  Modification in neutron rich nuclei 2. Spin-orbit couplings and potentials  Localized at the nuclear surface  Will be modified in neutron rich nuclei  Should be composed of two parts localized at different positions if p and n have different  (r)  Would have extended shape if n has an extended distribution in skin or halo nuclei 3. Need polarized p, d, and 3 He targets October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting14 From W.Y. Kim, Kyungbook Nat. Univ.

15. Present Status at RIKEN October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting15 S.Sakaguchi Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tokyo (2008) 4 He 6 He valence n 4 He 8 He 1.Di-neutron structure → Large recoil motion of  -core → Large charge radius (2.068 fm) 2.Two valence neutrons → Small matter radius (2.45 fm) 1.Isotropically distributed neutrons → Small recoil motion of  -core → Small charge radius (1.929 fm) 2.Four valence neutrons → Large matter radius (2.53 fm)

16. Present Status at RIKEN October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting16 t-matrix folding calculation Non-local g-matrix folding calculation S.Sakaguchi (2008)

17. October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting17 18 B.-A. Li, L.-W. Chen & C.M. Ko Physics Report, 464, 113 (2008) Nuclear Equation of State ρ 0 Nucleon density Isospin asymmetry Symmetric nuclear matter (ρ n =ρ p ) δ E/A (MeV)  (fm -3 ) CDR, FAIR (2001) F. de Jong & H. Lenske, RPC 57, 3099 (1998) F. Hofman, C.M. Keil & H. Lenske, PRC 64, 034314 (2001)

18. Nuclear Equation of State October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting18 Bao-An Li, PRL 88, 192701 (2002) High (Low) density matter is more neutron rich with soft (stiff) symmetry energy

19. Importance of Symmetry Energy October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting19  A.W. Steiner, M. Prakash, J.M. Lattimer and P.J. Ellis, Physics Report 411, 325 (2005) RIB can provide crucial input. Effective field theory, QCD isodiffusion isotransport + isocorrelation isofractionation isoscaling  - /  + K + /K 0 n/p + 3 H/ 3 He   Red boxes: added by B.-A. Li

20. Uncertainty in E sym at high  October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting20 Kinetic Isoscalar Isovector

21. Possible Effects on E sym October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting21 G.E. Brown and M. Rho, PRL 66, 2720 (1991); Phys. Rep. 396, 1 (2004) Brown-Rho Scaling 3-Body Force

22. Is NS Stable with a Super Soft E sym ? October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting22 If the symmetry energy is too soft, then a mechanical instability will occur when dP/dρ<0, neutron stars will, then, collapse while they exist in nature. G.Q. Li, C.-H. Lee & G.E. Brown Nucl. Phys. A 625, 372 (1997) ? TOV equation: a condition at hydrodynamical equilibrium Gravity Nuclear pressure For npe matter, dP/dρ<0, if E’ sym is big and negative (super-soft)

23. Astrophysical Implication October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting23 K 0 =211 MeV is used for this calculation; higher incompressibility for symmetric matter will lead to higher masses, systematically. The softest symmetry energy that the TOV is still stable is x = 0.93, giving M max = 0.11 M ⊙ and R ≥ 28 km.

24. October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting24  Range of density in HIC by - incident energy - impact parameter  Types of particles formed - emission time & density - n & p are emitted throughout - Fragments (Z=3-20) at sub-saturation densities  Change N/Z of nuclei - larger N/Z ratio is preferable π, n, p fragments Experimental Principles

25. Experimental Observables October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting25  Signals at sub-saturation densities 1) Sizes of n-skins for unstable nuclei 2) n/p ratio of fast, pre-equilibrium nucleons 3) 3 H/ 3 He ratio 4) Isospin fractionation and isoscaling in nuclear multufragmentation 5) Isospin diffusion (transport) 6) Differential collective flows ( v 1 & v 2 ) of n and p 7) Correlation function of n and p  Signals at supra-saturation densities  - /  + ratio 2) K + /K 0 ratio 3) Differential collective flows ( v 1 & v 2 ) of n and p 4) Azimuthal angle dependence of n/p ratio with respect to the R.P.  Correlation of various observables  Simultaneous measurement of neutrons and charged particles

26. October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting26 Soft E sym Stiff E sym Central density More neutrons are emitted from the n-rich system and softer symmetry energies. Yield Ratio ■ n/p □ 3 H/ 3 He M. A. Famiano et al. RPL 97, 052701 (2006) Double ratio: min. systematic error ImQMD Y(n)/Y(p) E sym (  )=12.7(  /  0 ) 2/3 +17.6(  /  0 )  i

27. Yield Ratio ( π - /π + ) October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting27 Data: FOPI Collaboration, Nucl. Phys. A 781, 459 (2007) IQMD: Eur. Phys. J. A 1, 151 (1998) Need a symmetry energy softer than the above to make the pion production region more neutron-rich!

28. π - /π + Ratio October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting28 Stiff E sym Soft E sym     (N/Z) reaction system KoRIA

29. Isospin Diffusion Parameter October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting29 No isospin diffusion between symmetric systems Isospin diffusion occurs only in asymmetric systems A+B Non-isospin diffusion effects are the same for A in A+B & A+A and also for B in B+A & B+B F. Rami et al., FOPI, PRL 84, 1120 (2000) B. Hong et al., FOPI, PRC 66, 034901 (2002) Y.-J. Kim & B. Hong, in preparation 124 112 124 112 R i = +1 R i = -1 R i = 0 for complete mixing

30. Isospin Diffusion Parameter October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting30 Projectile Target 124 Sn 112 Sn soft stiff  Symmetry energy drives system towards equilibrium  stiff EOS : small diffusion (| R i | ≫ 0)  soft EOS : large diffusion & fast equilibrium ( R i  0) M.B. Tsang et al., PRL 92, 062701 (2004)

31. Isospin Diffusion Parameter October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting31 L.W. Chen et al., PRL 94, 032701 (2005) Observable in HIC is sensitive to the  dependence of E sym and should provide constraints to the symmetry energy. 0.69     1.05 stiff IBUU04: E sym (  )~31.6(  /  o )  soft E sym (  )=12.7(  /  o ) 2/3 +12.5(  /  o )  i stiff soft M.B. Tsang et al., PRL 92, 062701 (2004) pBUU  i ~2 0.69   1.05

32. Isospin Diffusion Parameter October 21-23, 2009Korean Physical Society32 E sym (  )=12.5(  /  0 ) 2/3 +17.6 (  /  0 )  i  i  Ri(α)Ri(α) Ri(f)Ri(f) NSCL/MSU Data at Low Energy

33. Collective Flow October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting33 Stiff Super Soft Large N/Z Small N/Z B.-A. Li, PRL 85, 4221 (2000) Also known as v 1

34. Multi-Purpose Detector October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting34

35. October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting35 Tentative design under discussion

36. Summary 1. Rich physics with RI beams  Neutron & proton drip lines  Neutron halo & skin structures  Nuclear Astrophysics  Super-heavy elements  Fundamental symmetries  Nuclear symmetry energy - Long-standing problem in nuclear physics - Crucial to understand the neutron matter - Crucial to understand the astrophysical objects October 31, 2009Heavy-Ion Meeting36 2. KoRIA  First large scale accelerator for basic science in Korea  We need your help & participation!