1. Protozoa
Chapter 26

2. Characteristics of Protists
Have nucleus i.e. eukaryote
Lack tissue differentiation
Unicellular
Move independently
Ocean, fresh water, crawl in soil (some water)
Heterotrophic
Food vacuoles break down particles
Both free-living and parasitic
Zooplankton - Primary source of energy for organisms in ecosystem

3. Reproduction Asexually Sexually – conjugation
binary fission – produce one identical organisms
multiple fission – produce several identical organisms
Sexually – conjugation

4. Binary fission

5. Multiple fission

6. Conjugation Paramecia pair up
Macronuclei disntegrate & micronuclei undergo meiosis
All but one micronuclei disintegrates. It undergoes mitosis.
Each paramecium exchange 1 micronuclei
Micronuclei fuse
Paramecia separate and marconucleus re-form

7. Adaptations
Eyespot – localized region of pigment that detects light variations in the environment
Cyst – a hardened external covering that stops all metabolic activity when organism is outside of host to survive in harsh environments
e.g. nutrient deficient, drought, decrease oxygen, or pH/temp changes

8. 4 phyla – named for type of movement (locomotion)
1. Ciliophora
Ciliates
2. Sporazoa
sporozoans
Plasmodium
Zoothamnium

9. phyla cont’ 3. Zoomastigina 4. Sarcodina Zooglagellates sarcodines
Amoeba proteus
Trichomonas vaginalis

10. Phylum Sarcodina
Movement:Pseudopodia – “false feet” - cytoplasmic extensions
Ex: Amoebas inhabit fresh/salt water, and soil
Endoplasm – inner portion of the cytoplasm
Ectoplasm – outer layer
Ameboid movement powered by Cytoplasmic streaming – internal flowing of a cell’s cytoplasm

11. Eating (heterotophic)
Phagocytosis – engulf other protists
Endocytosis – when membrane surrounds and pinches together into food vacuole
Exocytosis – when undigested food exits the cell
Contractile vacuole – organelle that expels fluid from cell b/c hypertonic to environment
*remember – water moves from high concentration to lower – hypertonic is high solute concentration relative to environment

12. Amoeba

13. Amoeba

14. Movement & eating
BEST one -

15. Variations
Foraminifera – ancient, live in oceans with shelled protective covering – tests
Radiolarians – ancient, live in shallow waters
Tests sink to bottom and build up layers of sediment
E.g. White Cliffs of Dover, England

16. White Cliffs of Dover, England

17. 300 foot cliffs made from tests of foraminifera and radiolarians

18. FYI
Sediment can accumulate as slowly as 0.1 millimeter (0.04 inch) per 1,000 years (in the middle of the ocean where only wind-blown material is deposited) to as fast as 1 meter (3.25 feet) per year along continental margins. More typical deep-sea rates are on the order of several centimeters per 1,000 years.

19. Foraminifera/Radiolarians

20. Human disease Amebic dysentery – sometimes fatal
Enters from contaminated food and water
Enzymes break down intestinal wall

21. Phylum Ciliophora Movement – cilia
ex: paramecium lives in fresh/salt water ponds & slow moving streams
Eat: bacteria & algae
Reproduce: Asexual – binary fission followed by sexual – conjugation – offspring genetically different (page 515)

22. Paramecia

24. Contractile vacuole operation

25. Food vacuole

26. Phylum Zoomastigina Movement: flagella in lakes & ponds
Ex: Giardia lamblia
Eat small organisms
Live in blood of fish, amphibians reptiles, birds, & mammals carried by bloodsucking insects from host to host

27. Disease Trypanosomiasis – parasitic Chagas’ disease - parasitic
African “sleeping sickness”
Transmitted by tsetse fly
Chagas’ disease - parasitic
Transmitted by “kissing bug”
Leishmaniasis – parasitic
Can be fatal
Transmitted by sand flies
Giardiasis – parasitic
Transmitted by animal feces in contaminated water

28. Phylum Sporazoa
Movement: only as juvenile
Ex: Plasmodium

29. Disease Malaria – Transmitted by mosquito
Causes fever, fatigue, thirst, anemia, and death
Occurs in cycle
Problem treating b/c mosquitoes developed resistance to quinine
Afflicts 500,000,000 people per year
Kills 2,700,000 million per year
page 518 life cycle

30. analogies
_______: _________:: _______: ______
disease cause

31. Phylum
Common name
Locomotion
Nutrition
Rep genre
Sarcodina
Sarcodines
Pseudopodia
Heterotrophic
Amoeba
Ciliophora
Ciliates
Cilia
Paramecium
Zoomastigina
Zooflagellates
Flagella
Trypanosoma
Giardia
Sporozoa
Sporozoans
Only in young
Plasmodium

32. Algae
Chapter 27

33. Characteristics Eukaryote Autotrophic (differ from other protozoans)
Have chloroplasts
Unicellular and/or multicellular
Lack tissue differentiation

34. 4 types of algae based on body structure (thallus)
Unicellular – aquatic –
ex: phytoplankton
Base of food chain
Produce oxygen
Colonial - ex. Volvox
Many cells grouped & working
together

35. 4 types of algae cont’ 3. Filamentous – ex. Spirogyra
Some anchor to ocean floor
4. Multicellular – ex. Macrocystis - giant kelp
These are most like plants (see pictures next slide)

36. Giant Kelp - Macrocystis

37. Classification 7 phyla based on: Color Chlorophyll type Food-storage
Pigments absorb differing wavelengths of light so gives them their characteristic color- green brown red
Food-storage
Cell wall composition

38. Reproduction with unicellular algae
Asexually – mitosis produces haploids
+ and – gametes called zoospores
Sexually – when + and – join to form diploid zygote – zygospore – meiosis
(page 528)

40. Reproduction in multicellular algae
Complex
Page 528

41. Ulva – sea lettuce Gametophyte – haploid gamete-producing phase
Sporophyte – diploid spore-producing phase
Page 529

42. Phylum Bacillariophyta
Diatoms – cell wall called shells, have 2 pieces (like box with lid)
Diatomaceous earth – dead diatoms sink & form sediment
used in commercial products like: detergents, paint removers, fertilizers, insulators, & toothpaste

43. Phylum Dinoflagellata
Unicellular, photosynthetic
Red tide – population explosion

44. Phylum Euglenophyta Euglena – unicellular with flagella
Plantlike b/c photosynthetic
Animal-like b/c lack cell wall

45. Protozoa Images

46. Protista Quiz

47. Slime molds Eukaryote Multicellular heterotrophic Fungus-like
Usually red, viscous mass
Live in damp soil, rotting logs, decaying leaves
Ameboid movement “ooze”
Eat by phagocytosis

48. Water molds Fungus-like with branching filaments
Aquatic, soil and parasitic
Blight – disease causes decay of plant
Irish potato famine

49. Review Animal-like protists Plant-like protists amoeba & paramecium
Spirogyra & volvox

50. Review analogies
_______: _________:: _______: ______
disease cause

51. Kingdom Fungi
Chapter 28

52. Mycology - the study of fungi

54. Characteristics Eukaryotic Nonphotosynthetic – no chlorophyll
Multicellular
Heterotrophic – breaks down decaying plant & animal matter THEN absorbs it
Most are molds or yeasts

55. Molds – grows on old bread
Yeasts – microorganisms make bread rise
Chitin – in cell walls of hyphae found in insects’ exoskeleton
IMPORTANT recycler of organic matter in nature!

56. Structures Hyphae - mass of filaments of cells
Mycelium – forms the hyphae the part we don’t see

57. Reproduction

58. Asexual when hyphae break off and start growing on their own
Sporangia – spores produced in special hyphae called sporangiospores – spores with enclosed sac
Conidia – spores without sac
Fragmentation – hypha shatter – spores released
Budding – in yeast when pinches off piece of cell

59. Sexual
Fusion occurs when hyphae of differing mating types (+ or -) meet
Produce spores

60. Evolution
Evolved from prokaryotes

61. Classification Classified by structure & reproduction
Phylum basidiomycota
Phylum ascomycota
Lichens

62. Phylum Zygomycota Bread fungus Rhizoids – anchor (root) in bread
Breaks down nutrients in bread for absorption
(page 546 diagram)

63. Phylum Basidiomycota Also called club fungus
Mushrooms are basidiocarps
Stalk or stem
cap
Gills
Dikaryotic basidia

64. Phylum Ascomycota
Parasitic “sac fungi” live in salt/fresh water & land

65. Infections & Diseases
Athlete’s foot or Ringworm – infect skin, hair, nails & tissues
Vaginal yeast infections
Tinea cruris (jock itch)
histoplasmosis

66. Good fungi Penicillin Antibiotics – cephalosporium & rhizopus
Cheese, beer, wine, soy products, breads
Not to mention my favorite: mushrooms!

67. Overview of Fungi

70. Lichens

71. Lichens are unusual creatures
Lichens are unusual creatures. A lichen is not a single organism the way most other living things are, but rather
Lichens are a combination of two organisms which live together intimately.
composed of fungal filaments, but living with filaments (algal cells)
green alga or a cyanobacterium.

73. References

74. References cont’ http://www.glaucus.org.uk/BracketFungus014.jpg