1. Chapter 10 Becoming a World Power
The Pressure to Expand
The Spanish-American War
A New Foreign Policy
Debating America’s New Role

2. The US had developed into an “INDUSTRIAL POWERHOUSE”
US needed to export goods to the world. To protect its interests, the US, like Europe, looked to colonize/imperialize
Growth of Imperialism – stronger nations attempts to create empires by dominating weaker nations
Why Imperialism Grew
Economic Factors – need for natural resources, new markets
Nationalistic Factors – (devotion to one’s country) – believe their culture, ideas, ways of life are superior and must be shared (manifest destiny, divine right)
Military Factors – superior forces and need to protect economic interests
Humanitarian Factors – duty to spread blessings of western civilization (law, democracy, religion, medicine, etc)
Europe Leads the Way – better transportation made expansion possible
British Empire - “the sun never sets on the British Empire”
Competition for new territory grew very intense
By 1890 – US eager to join competition. MONROE DOCTRINE meant US would stay out of Africa, but Central/South America and Pacific OK
The Pressure to Expand

3. Use colored markers or pencils to complete the map. (p. 351)
Identify the major countries colonizing
Identify which parts of the world EACH took control over
Designate a color for each country
Color map to show regions colonized by each
Map Activity

4. The Pressure to Expand Expanding U.S. Interests
MONROE DOCTRINE – Foreign Policy from 1820’s that stated the US would not expand into Africa and Europe would not expand in the Western Hemisphere (N/C/S America)
US foreign policy focused on Central America in mid-1800’s
Seward’s purchase of Alaska (Seward’s Folly) extended US reach
US also showed interest in the Pacific Ocean (1853 Japan, 1860’s China)
Midway Islands and Hawaii for ports
Arguments for US Expansionism
Economic – needed markets for goods
BANANA REPUBICS – US investments in central Americans countries brought US control to some degree. Money went, but rights did not follow
Protecting US Security/Interests – US economic interests needed to be protected. A strong NAVY was deemed necessary
By 1900 – US had one of the strongest, most powerful navies on the seas
Preserving the US Spirit – Americans loved to explore
MANIFEST DESTINY – our right/responsibility to expand, share our way of life
SOCIAL DARWINISM – those more powerful should/would dominate weaker. Sadly, this was driven much by racism
The Pressure to Expand

5. The Spanish American War
YELLOW JOURNALISM – American newspaper used sensationalism to stoke to flames of war
Young Cuban girl rescued from evil Spanish
Creative headlines sold papers and created an outcry for gov’t action
US ready to expand, this gave them the reason
To expand, the US would have to take on another country (to prove they were legitimate players in the game)
Spain’s treatment of native people in Cuba the excuse needed
The Spanish American War

6. Setting the Stage for War
Displays of US Power –
Chile – mobs against American sailors attacked, killed - US gov’t reacted strongly, demanded payment to families
Brazil – when rebellion possible, US sent in troops to protect US interests. Stopped rebellion
Venezuela – When GB got involved in dispute between V and neighbor, US demanded it go to arbitration (Monroe Doctrine). GB said Monroe Doctrine had not standing in international law. US threatened retaliation and GB backed down
The Cuban Rebellion – When GB backed down, US got more confident
Cuba – Spain controlled Cuba, violently. Cubans had tried to rebel but failed. In 1895, Cubans tried again when economy dropped. Spain sent troops and put hundreds of thousands of Cubans into “reconcentration camps”. Prisoners lived on little food in horrid conditions for over 2 years. Starvation killed more than 200,000 in this time
Jose Marti – Cuban journalist whipped up US support for rebellion. People wanted to help, but presidents McKinley and Cleveland did not. To ‘get the attention’ of the great American presidents, the rebels attacked and burned US interests in Cuba. As a result, US businessmen pressured government to intervene
Yellow Journalism – US newspapers took up the cause
Hearst and Pulitzer competed to see who could show most horrors. Nationalism and JINGOISM pushed US towards war with Spain
JINGOISM – burst of national pride and desire for aggressive foreign policy
Setting the Stage for War

8. The Spanish American War
Early 1898, riots broke out in Havana, Cuba
President McKinley sent warships to Havana Harbor (USS MAINE)
Several events will push the US towards war
The deLome letter – a letter stolen from Spain’s ambassador called President McKinley “weak and a bidder for the admiration of a crowd.” Press used to intensify anti-Spanish sentiment
The explosion of the USS Maine – An explosion sank the USS Maine in Havana Harbor. More than 250 US sailors killed. The explosion was probably an accident but the press used yellow journalism to blame Spain. The enraged US public demanded war
Preparing in the Philippines – US attacked another Spanish colony, the Philippines. It was a key location the US wanted. Used conflict to take from Spain. Told US Navy to attack if war broke out with Spain
McKinley’s War Message – McKinley made demands of Spain (end concentration camps, Cuban independence, compensation). Spain agreed to all but Cuban independence. McKinley decided it wasn’t enough and asked Congress to declare war on Spain
The Spanish American War

9. The Spanish American War
“A splendid little war” -
1st Action in Philippines – surprise attack on Spanish Fleet
In 7 hours, entire Spanish Pacific Fleet destroyed
US troops gathered in Florida to prepare to invade Cuba
Spanish Fleet tried to escape, sunk in Havana Harbor
Though 1,500 Americans died, only 400 died in battle
The Treaty of Paris
Cuban independence recognized by Spain
US paid $20 million but got Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam
Treaty met with great debate before narrowly passing
Some wanted annexation for new territories
Others horrified at tactics used by US to drum up war and take territory
The Spanish American War

10. New Challenges After the War
Dilemma in the Philippines
Now need to take control, Filipino people wanted their independence
Uprising against US troops, 100,000’s filipino’s died
US finding imperialism/expansion messy
Fate of Cuba
US set up military occupation, Cuban people wanted independence
US did not believe Cubans capable of self-government
Platt Amendment – limited independence
US reserved right to intervene is US interests were at risk
The US and Puerto Rico
US took Puerto Rico as a territory with no plans to make a state
Puerto Ricans agreed to follow US control
Still a territory today
New Challenges After the War

11. Other Claims in the Pacific
Annexation of Hawaii
Economic control taken by US capitalists. Governing power taken from Queen Lilioukalani (she tried to resist and failed)
Pearl Harbor used as major port for US Navy and for trade
Samoa
Deal struck with the leaders of Samoa. US only would have access to their ports. If they allowed any other country to use, the US would intervene/attack
Open Door to China
Spheres of Influence
Splitting up China into regions, each colonizing country would sell/trade within their region
Open Door Policy
China would be open to all countries to trade throughout the entire country
US believed it could beat out all competition if the rule for trade were equal for all
Other Claims in the Pacific

12. Foreign Policy After the Spanish American War
Use your book (p. 366 – 371) to find information to fill out a chart like the one below on a piece of paper.
Foreign Policy After the Spanish American War
Panama Canal
Big Stick Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy
Moral Diplomacy * * * *
A New Foreign Policy

13. The Panama Canal Building the Canal
US had need to be able to get their Navy/business goods to both the West (China, Japan) and East (Europe)
Had to sail all the way around South America or keep 2 fleets
A canal had been proposed by the French in the late 1800’s but failed due to diseases and money issues
US tried to secure rights to build the canal from Colombia, who demanded an outrageous sum ($100 million). The US refused and the price fell to $40M. Congress passed act to OK the deal as long as Colombia agreed.
Colombia stalled, hoping french deal would expire and they could raise the price for the canal zone
The US got creative in gaining control of the canal zone
Panamanian rebel had tried several times to gain independence from Colombia
US made a deal with rebels to block Colombia from Panama during the rebellion and in return, when they were independent, they would sell us the rights to build the canal for a reasonable price ($10M)
It worked and construction began in It would be complete in 1914
The Panama Canal

14. To accomplish the task, the US had to overcome tough obstacles
Disease – malaria, yellow fever
Terrain – 51 miles from coast to coast
Technology of the day – no big earth moving machines, everything was dug by hand. All that earth had to be moved out
Panama Canal

15. Method used opposed by Roosevelt’s opponents “Foul play in American politics”
Most Americans saw canal as a necessity for American prosperity and security
This and other dealings in Central America left the region with a really bad opinion of the US
Reaction to the Canal

16. Roosevelt’s BIG STICK Diplomacy
“Speak Softly and Carry a BIG STICK” TRoosevelt
The Roosevelt Corollary – added onto the Monroe Doctrine
Only wanted to see our neighbors be orderly and prosperous
US would intervene if not in US interests (Platt Amendment)
If forced to use “police power” to prevent other nations from taking advantage, we would
1st attempt in Dominican Republic. It went bankrupt. When European nations threatened to intervene, Roosevelt took over. US banks oversaw finances. Tho Congress tried to block, President used an “executive order” to make a deal with the D.R.
US intervention in Latin America became common during this era
Roosevelt as a Peacemaker (wins Nobel Peace Prize for efforts)
#1 issue was to keep “open door” in trade with China
War between Japan and Russia threatened this
Roosevelt mediated a peace agreement. Both nations sent representatives to US. Japan agreed to small land concessions while Russia agreed to leave Manchuria
Roosevelt’s BIG STICK Diplomacy

17. Foreign Policy after Roosevelt
Foreign Policy under Roosevelt had been to use force to get our way (“Big Stick”). Presidents that followed saw different methods as better
TAFT and Dollar Diplomacy
2 Goals: Open Door with China, stability in Latin America
Dollar Diplomacy replaced bullets with dollars. Investing in these nations would increase US wealth and make countries our allies rather than our enemies
Did not work as well as Taft had hoped. US invested millions in railroads in China. Money/investments lost when revolution hit China
In Latin America, US backed some bad governments because they would protect US interests, angering local rebel leaders
WILSON and Moral Diplomacy
Revolution in Mexico risked US investments. European countries made deals with new leader in Mexico (who had assassinated his opponent). Wilson refused to deal with “the butcher”
US would intervene in Mexico
Foreign Policy after Roosevelt

18. Foreign Policy after Roosevelt
WILSON and Moral Diplomacy
American troops briefly arrested in Mexican town
Wilson uses as provocation, and sends in US military
After brief occupation, Mexican leader resigns. US Navy withdraws
Mexican rebel, Pancho Villa will draw US back. Attack on US town across border give Wilson reason to send troops into Mexico. After many clashes (and deaths on both sides), US withdraws without ever catching Villa
Moral Diplomacy did not work well at all. Wilson’s intervention in Mexico began ill feelings between the two countries that still exists today
Foreign Policy after Roosevelt

19. Anti Imperialism Moral and Political Arguments Racial Arguments
“Liberty for All”
The Constitution should follow the flag (don’t benefit from US takeover)
Shouldn’t be forced to wait for liberty
Went against democratic principles
PREBUTTAL – people weren’t ready for democracy
Racial Arguments
Many people, at this time, believed white people were superior
Policies were racist because the US only went into areas where people of color lived African Americans were torn – wanted to support their country but had been and were the subject to racial discrimination
Economic Arguments
Not right for the US to expand (cost too much in $$ and lives)
People from annexed areas were coming to America and taking jobs
Anti Imperialism

20. Appeal of Imperialism New Frontier
Exploring new regions
Frontier mentality
Celebration of American power & traditions
Needed to gain new US markets to maintain economic growth
GREAT WHITE FLEET – Navy trip designed to demonstrate the US’s huge naval powers
Appeal of Imperialism

21. Imperialism viewed from Outside
Central/South American countries saw US imperialism as a threat. It DID NOT benefit the majority of their people
YANKEE GO HOME!!
But, US was now so powerful, that needy nations felt the only nation they could turn to for help/aid
Imperialism viewed from Outside

22. Compare and Contrast the 3 types of diplomacy discussed
Compare and Contrast the 3 types of diplomacy discussed. (big stick, dollar, and moral)
According to Anti-Imperialists, how was imperialism inconsistent with basic American principles?
Why was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine considered by many to be a bad foreign policy?
Chapter 10 Essays