1. Byron Smith December 11, 2013

2. 1. What is Quantum State Tomography? 2. What is Bayesian Statistics? 1.Conditional Probabilities 2.Bayes’ Rule 3.Frequentist vs. Bayesian 3. Example: Schrodinger’s Cat 1.Interpretation 2.Analysis with a Non-informative Prior 3.Analysis with an Informative Prior 4. Sources of Error in Tomography 5. Error Reduction via Bayesian Analysis 6. Adaptive Tomography 7. Conclusion 8. References 9. Supplementary Information

3.  Tomography comes from tomos meaning section.  Classically, tomography refers to analyzing a 3- dimensional trajectory using 2-dimensional slices.  Quantum State Tomography refers to identifying a particular wave function using a series of measurements.

5. is the Likelihood is the Prior Probability (or just prior) is the Posterior Probability (or just posterior)

6. FrequentistBayesian  Inference on probability arises from the frequency that some outcome is measured and that measurement is random.  In other words, a measurement is random only due to our ignorance.  Inference on probability arises from a prior probability assumption weighted by empirical evidence.  Measurements are inherently random.

7. Frequentist: Given N cats, there are some that are alive and some that are dead. The probability that the cat is alive is associated with the fact that we sample randomly and a*N of the cats are alive. Bayesian: The probability a is a random variable (unknown) and therefore there is an inherent probability associated with each particular cat.

10. NFrequentistBayesian 30.670.6 250.20.22 750.240.25 2500.3360.337 True value of a = 0.3

11.  Flourine-18, half- life=1.8295 Hours  Cat has been in for 3 hours NFrequentistBayesian 30.670.39 250.280.29 750.2670.272 2500.316

12.  Error in the measurement basis.  Error in the counting statistics.  Error associated with stability. ◦ Detector efficiency ◦ Source intensity  Model Error

13. FrequentistBayesian (α=3.1, β=6.9) NVar(a) 30.027 250.0074 750.0029 2500.00079 NVar(a) 30.013 250.0057 750.0026 2500.00076

14.  There are several measures of “lack of fit.”  Likelihood  Infidelity  Shannon Entropy

15.  The number of measurements required to sufficiently identify ρ can be reduced when using a basis which diagonalizes ρ.  To do so, measure N 0 particles first, change the measurement basis, then finish the total measurement.  Naturally this can be improved with Bayesian by using the first measurements as a Prior.

16.  Quantum State Tomography is a tool used to identify a density matrix.  There are several metrics of density identification.  Bayesian statistics can improve efficiency while providing a new interpretation of quantum states.

17. 1. J. B. Altepeter, D. F. V. James, and P. G. Kwiat, Qubit Quantum State Tomography, in Quantum State Estimation (Lecture Notes in Physics), M. Paris and J. Rehacek (editors), Springer (2004). 2. D. H. Mahler, L. A. Rozema, A. Darabi, C. Ferrie, R. Blume-Kohout, and A. M. Steinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 183601 (2013). 3. F. Huszár and N. M. T. Houlsby, Phys. Rev. A 85, 052120 (2012). 4. R. Blume-Kohout, New J. Phys. 12, 043034 (2012).

18.  For density operators which are not diagonal, we use a basis of spin matrices:  If choose an instrument orientation such that the first parameter is 1, we are left with the Stoke’s Parameters, S i :  The goal is then to identify the S i.

19.  Used to visualize a superposition of photon polarizations.  The x-axis is 45 degree polarizations.  The y-axis is horizontal or vertical polarizations.  The z-axis is circular polarizations.

20.  Using a matrix basis similar to that for Stoke’s Parameters, one can exactly identify a polarization with three measurements.  Note that an orthogonal basis is not necessary.

21.  Errors in measurement and instrumentation will manifest themselves as a disc on the Poincare Sphere:  (a) Errors in measurement basis. (b) Errors in intensity or detector stability.

22.  Because there is a finite sample size, states are not characterized exactly.  Each measurement constrains the sample space.

23.  Optimization can lead to states which lie outside the Poincare Sphere.  Unobserved values a registered as zeros in the density matrix optimization. This can be unrealistic.  There is no direct measure of uncertainty within maximum likelihood estimators.

24.  Parameter space can be constrained through the prior.  Unobserved values can still have some small probability through the prior.  Uncertainty analysis can come directly from the variance of the posterior distribution, regardless of an analytical form.