1. APUSH: American Revolution
Mr. Weber
Room 217

2. Agenda Activator, agenda, and objective (10 minutes)
Ch. 4 reading test (15 minutes)
American Revolution lecture (45 minutes)
Independent Reading (30-45 minutes)
Exit ticket and homework (5 minutes)

3. Objective AP Topic #4: The American Revolutionary Era, 1754–1789
The French and Indian War
The Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain
The War for Independence
State constitutions and the Articles of Confederation
The federal Constitution  

4. Unit 2: Revolutionary America and the Early Republic 1763-1840
Essential Questions:
In what ways were the ideals of the Declaration, Revolution, and Constitution contradicted by the realities of life in early America (especially for African Americans, women, poor people, and immigrants)?
What unified and what divided the colonists at the time of the Revolution?
What were the ramifications of using slaves in the British and Continental armies. Why did the British authorize the use of slaves, why did the American colonists, and what were the benefits for the slaves?
Why did the colonists increasingly believe that British rule threatened their liberty?
How did Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence reflect the idea put forth by philosophers like John Locke that liberty was a natural right?

5. Chapter 5: American Revolution Highlights
Chapter concentrates on events leading up to the war and the war itself.
Anger against colonial governors symbolized in mob violence against Thomas Hutchinson in Massachusetts in response to Stamp Act.
Sons of Liberty begin claiming that the British have “enslaved” the colonists.
When war broke out in 1775 independence was not necessarily the clear goal of the 1st Continental Congress.

6. Ch. 5, Image 1
An engraving from a Massachusetts almanac published in 1774 depicts the lieutenant governor Thomas Hutchinson, whose house had been destroyed by a mob nine years earlier. The devil carries a list of Hutchinson’s “crimes.”
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

7. Ch. 5, Image 2
According to the doctrine of “virtual representation,” the House of Commons represented all residents of the British empire, whether or not they could vote for members. In this 1775 cartoon criticizing the idea, a blinded Britannia, on the far right, stumbles into a pit. Next to her, two colonists complain of being robbed by British taxation. In the background, according to an accompanying explanation of the cartoon, stand the “Catholic” city of Quebec and the “Protestant town of Boston,” the latter in flames.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

8. Ch. 5, Image 3
This teapot protesting the Stamp Act was produced in England and marketed in colonial America, illustrating the close political and economic connections between the two.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

9. Ch. 5, Image 4
A woodcut depicting a crowd attempting to intimidate a New Hampshire official charged with carrying out the Stamp Act. They throw stones at his effigy, while, to the left, a mock funeral begins.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

10. Ch. 5, Image 5
A warning by the Sons of Liberty against using the stamps required by the Stamp Act, which are shown on the left.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

11. American Revolution Highlights (cont.)
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense articulates the concerns of the colonists.
Question of whether slaves should fight and on which side is explored in Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation and George Washington’s response.
Not all colonists were “revolutionaries.” Loyalists (loyal to British) like James Chalmers of Maryland form an important dissenting voice to the revolutionary discourse.

12. Ch. 5, Image 6
The Boston Massacre, a 1770 engraving by Paul Revere produced less than a month after the event in which five colonists died. Although quite inaccurate in depicting what was actually a disorganized brawl between residents of Boston and British soldiers, this image became one of the most influential pieces of political propaganda in the revolutionary era, helping to stir up resentment against Great Britain.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

13. Ch. 5, Image 8
The Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man, a 1774 engraving, shows colonists pouring tea down the throat of a tax collector, who has been covered with tar and feathers. A noose hangs menacingly from the Liberty Tree. In the background is the Boston Tea Party.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

14. Ch. 5, Image 12 Thomas Paine, advocate of American independence.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

15. Ch. 5, Image 13
The cover of Common Sense, Thomas Paine’s influential pamphlet denouncing the idea of hereditary rule and calling for American independence.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

16. The Crises Begins
Before the Seven Years War, Britain had loosely tried to regulate the colonies’ economy.
After the war London insisted that the colonists play a subordinate role to the mother country to help pay for the protection the British provided.
Members of the British Parliament had virtual representation.
The colonists argued that London could not tax them because they were not represented in Parliament.

17. Taxing the Colonies
The Sugar Act of 1764 and the revenue act threatened the profits of colonial merchants.
The Stamp Act of 1765 was a direct tax on printed materials.
Opposition to the Stamp Act was the first great drama of the revolutionary era.
The Stamp Act Congress met in 1765 to endorse the Virginia House of Burgesses’ resolutions. Patrick Henry took leading role.

18. Politics in the Streets
The Sons of Liberty were organized to resist the Stamp Act and enforce a boycott of British goods.
London repealed the Stamp Act but replaced it with the Declaratory Act.
Settlers also used “liberty” in regard to land disputes.
Land disputes were behind the creation of Vermont (Ethan Allen takes lead role).

19. Ch. 5, Image 14
An early draft, with corrections, of the Declaration of Independence, in Thomas Jefferson’s handwriting. Note how the elimination of unnecessary words added to the document’s power—“all men are created equal and independent” became “all men are created equal,” and “inherent and inalienable” rights became “inalienable” (in the final version, this would be changed to “unalienable”).
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

20. Ch. 5, Image 16
A French IIengraving depicts New Yorkers tearing down the statue of King George I in July 1776, after the approval of the Declaration of Independence. The statue was later melted down to make bullets for the Continental army.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

21. Road to Revolution
Townshend Act of 1767 imposed tax on imported goods.
Led to boycott and “homespun virtue.”
Boston Massacre 1770 – 5 colonists die including African American Crispus Attucks.
Tea Act, Intolerable Acts, and Quebec Act as figurative last straws for many.

22. Coming of Independence
Continental Congress organized in Philadelphia in 1774 to resist the Intolerable Acts.
Outbreak of war at Lexington and Concord.
Battle of Bunker Hill (British victory)
Second Continental Congress (elects Washington as commander).
Early war went badly (colonists deserting, etc.)
Washington managed a surprise attack at Trenton and Princeton.
Battle of Saratoga 1777 (victory for colonists and “turning point” of the war).
French convinced to help the colonists.
American troops surround general Cornwallis at Yorktown where he surrenders in October of 1781.
Treaty of Paris signed in 1783 (John Adams, Ben Franklin, John Jay)

23. Ch. 5, Image 18
American Foot Soldiers, Yorktown Campaign, a 1781 watercolor by a French officer, includes a black soldier from the First Rhode Island Regiment, an all-black unit of 250 men.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

24. Ch. 5, Image 19
Triumphant Entry of the Royal Troops into New York, an engraving showing the army of Sir William Howe occupying the city in New York City would remain in British hands for the duration of the War of Independence.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

25. Ch. 5, Image 20
A 1781 French engraving showing the surrender of Lord Charles Cornwallis’s army at Yorktown, ending the War of Independence. The French fleet sits just offshore.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

26. Ch. 5, Image 21
The Apotheosis of Benjamin Franklin and George Washington, a printed cotton fabric produced in Great Britain soon after the end of the American War of Independence and used as a bedcover. Franklin, accompanied by a goddess of liberty with her liberty cap, carries a banner reading, “where liberty dwells there is my country,” while angels display a map of the United States.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company

27. More from the Revolution but not necessarily from your reading
Supplemental Notes
More from the Revolution but not necessarily from your reading

28. On the Eve of the Revolution ?
Britain
Americans
Advantages ?
Disadvantages

29. Loyalist
Strongholds

30. Washington’s Headaches
Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].
State/colony loyalties.
Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.
Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

31. Exports & Imports:

32. Military Strategies The Americans The British
Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

33. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

34. The British suffered over 40% casualties.
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.

35. Phase II:
NY & PA [ ]

36. New York City in Flames (1776)

37. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

38. A modern-day re-enactment
Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War?
A modern-day re-enactment

39. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

40. Britain’s “Southern Strategy”
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]
Good US General: Nathanial Greene

41. The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Count de Rochambeau
Admiral De Grasse

42. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:
“The World Turned Upside Down!”
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

43. Why
did the British
Lose???

44. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

45. Articles of
Confederation
Government:

46. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

47. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War

48. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].
13 out of 13 to amend.
Representatives were frequently absent.
Could not tax or raise armies.
No executive or judicial branches.

49. State Constitutions Republicanism.
Most had strong governors with veto power.
Most had bicameral legislatures.
Property required for voting.
Some had universal white male suffrage.
Most had bills of rights.
Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

50. Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s

51. Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799

52. Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: 1783-1796

53. State Claims to Western Lands

54. Land Ordinance of 1785

55. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!
Statehood achieved in three stages:
Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.
When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature.
When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

56. The United States in 1787

57. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

58. Annapolis Convention (1786)
12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.
Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

59. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 Daniel Shays Western MA
Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

60. Shays’ Rebellion:

61. Shays’ Rebellion:
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington

62. Exit ticket and homework
Your homework is to begin reading Chapter 5.
Remember at least 5 pages per day!