1. By Olivia Millett

2. Many children in the 1900’s finished their education at age 12, not going on to high school. Children worked at a trade or on the family farm to help out the family. This meant that after 12 years old you were considered an adult and had to work to support your family. In result of having to become an adult so quickly some believe that this was the cause of some crime from young people in the 1900’s. They may have felt trapped and therefore acted out by committing a crime. In the 1900’s, there was quite a lot of crime, like there still is today. There were many different crimes to be charged for, three examples are assault, theft and murder. Crime in Richmond in the 1900’s is not very different to crime today. The same felonies are committed although hopefully not as many murders in Richmond. BACKGROUND OF CRIME IN RICHMOND IN THE 1900’S

3. Martha Needle: Martha Needle is well known for murdering four people. Martha needle murdered her Husband, her two children Elsie and May and her soon to be brother in law to her new soon to be husband Otto. Martha Needle murdered all of the victims with rat poison, which she put in their food. She was found guilty and was the last women hanged. Squizzy Taylor: Joseph Leslie Theodore (Squizzy) Taylor is well known for many crimes in the 1900’s. Taylors first known crime was assault which he was charged with when he was 18. He also stole and murdered many people and was sentenced to 6 months in prison. He was later killed in a gun fight in 1927. WHO WERE THE MAIN PEOPLE IN RICHMOND INVOLVED IN CRIME AND WHAT DID THEY DO?

4. MARTHA NEEDLE: WHO WAS SHE? Martha was born near Morgan, South Australia in 1863, an attractive woman with a kindly disposition she grew up in a violent and abusive household, and had shown signs of mental instability from an early age. At 17 she married Henry Needle at North Adelaide and in 1882 gave birth to a daughter Mabel followed by Elsie in 1883 and May in 1885. The family moved to the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885. On the 23rd of February 1885 little Mabel Needle died after a short illness. Martha stated that she " seemed to fade ". Martha later collected 100 pounds life insurance on Mabel's death. Henry, who was insured for 200 pounds, died of a mysterious illness on October 4, 1889, followed by Elsie in 1890 and May later that year. Doctors were baffled. Martha spent almost all the insurance money on an elaborate family grave which she visited regularly. Louis Juncken, a friend from Adelaide, operated a saddlery business with his brother Otto at 137 Bridge Road, Richmond and in 1891 Martha sub-let the attached house and took in lodgers. Martha began an affair with Otto in 1893 but Louis and his other brother Herman disapproved and attempted to prevent their engagement. The following year Louis became ill and died of suspected typhoid. In June 1894 Herman travelled to Melbourne from Adelaide to handle his late brother's affairs, he ate a meal prepared by Martha and suddenly became ill. He recovered but became ill again the next day after eating breakfast. Two days later Herman had fully recovered but while eating lunch, prepared by Martha, he was seized by painful violent cramps. Doctor Boyd treated Herman for suspected poisoning and took a sample of Herman's vomit and sent it to the Government laboratory for analysis. The analyst reported that the sample contained rat poisoning, arsenic. Doctor Boyd informed the police of his suspicions and a trap was set, the police asked Hermann to ask Martha to make lunch. After being served a cup of tea, Hermann literally "blew the whistle", summoning detectives who arrived as Martha was struggling with Hermann to upset the tea cup, which was found to contain enough arsenic to kill five people. Martha was charged with attempted murder. The body of Louis Juncken, interned in Lyndoch, South Australia was exhumed and samples sent to Melbourne. The bodies of Henry Needle and the three girls, interned in Kew, were also exhumed. All five bodies were found to contain fatal levels of arsenic and Martha was charged with the murders of all five people. Pleading not guilty, the trial lasted three days, with Martha being found guilty and sentenced to death, though she pleaded her innocence. Martha Needle was executed at 8.00am on 22 October 1894, she was Hanged. Despite insisting her own innocence when asked for last words, Martha replied, "I have nothing to say."

5. Joseph Leslie Theodore (Squizzy) Taylor,, was born on the 29 th of June 1888 at Brighton, Victoria. The family moved to Richmond where he came to the notice of the police. At 18 he was convicted of assault. Other convictions followed, mainly on minor charges of theft. Between 1913 and 1916 Taylor was linked to several more violent crimes including the murder and robbery of Arthur Trotter, a commercial traveller, the burglary of the Melbourne Trades Hall, in which a police constable was killed, and the murder of William Patrick Haines, a driver who refused to participate in the hold-up of a bank manager at Bulleen. Taylor was tried for the murder of Haines and found not guilty. Although rarely convicted after 1917, Taylor remained a key figure in an increasingly violent and wealthy underworld. His income came from armed robbery, prostitution, the sale of illegal liquor and drugs, as well as from race-fixing. Squizzy was involved in the 'Fitzroy vendetta' of 1919 in which several men were shot. Taylor was among the principal figures in these gangland shootings. Charged under warrant in 1921 with theft from a city bond store, he eluded the police for twelve months but gave himself up in 1922. He was acquitted. In 1923 the bank-manager Thomas Berriman was robbed and murdered at Glenferrie railway station. Angus Murray and Richard Buckley were charged with the murder. Taylor faced charges of aiding and abetting the crime, and of assisting Murray's escape from Pentridge prison. On both counts he again escaped conviction. He was eventually found guilty of harbouring Murray and sentenced to six months imprisonment. On his release from prison Taylor continued thieving, but concentrated his efforts on race-tracks. Involved in selling cocaine, he came into conflict with several Sydney gangsters. He was wounded in a gunfight with one of them, John 'Snowy' Cutmore, at a house in Barkly Street, Carlton, and died in St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, on 27 October 1927. SQUIZZY TAYLOR: WHO WAS HE?

6. Crime in the 1900’s is not that different from todays crime and it effected the people in the suburbs as much as it does today. Some people felt it necessary to move out of the area after a terrible crime and that is still what happens to this day. Crime may have effected some family's and caused them to feel unsafe in the area of Richmond and this caused them to move to other suburbs sometimes. There were approximately 20,000-30,000 people living in Richmond in the early 1900’s. Crime did effect society in the 1900’s like it still does today and it is still being dealt in mostly the same way. DID CRIME EFFECT PEOPLE LIVING IN RICHMOND AND HOW DID CRIME IN RICHMOND EFFECT FAMILIES IN THE 1900’S? By Olivia Millett

7. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/taylor-joseph- leslie-squizzy-8762 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Needle http://australiancrimes.com/gangsters.html http://melbournewalks.com.au/squizzy-taylor-tour/ BIBLIOGRAPHY By Olivia Millett