1. Different activity-travel participation of different generation in different life cycle stages of women in Sweden Yusak O. Susilo, Chengxi Liu, Maria Börjesson Transport Science Department KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm

2. Study background This study explores the long term changes of women’s (work and non-work) activity travel patterns over different life cycle and generations. There has been a significant increase in the amount of cross- sectional studies that explored the women’ travel behaviours. But the socio-economics and spatial structures are changing overtime, and so as the travellers – adapt and anticipate. Source: IFMO, 2013

3. Study background It is clear that women travellers have different decision making processes and time-space constraints, compared to their male counterparts – but how these differences would shape the long term evolutions of travel pattern differently? In Sweden: -A surge in women participation in labour maket -The definition of traditional hierarchical structure of inner- family and household have been ”modernised”/”relaxed”. -Improvement (generous) of social-welfare policies Data: Swedish National Travel Survey in 1978, 1984, 1994 to1997, 1999 to 2001, 2005 to 2006, 2011 – person trips.

4. Overview of men’s vs women’s activity-travel parameters over time Weighted based on age, gender to represent the whole population in the given year. The star means the corresponding activity travel parameter of women in the given year is significantly different from that of men at 5% significant level.

5. Different trends for different generations

12. The non-work time allocation relatively stable throught out generations and ages Women who born before 1930s have much shorter work duration than the ones who born at later years The ones who born in the 1970s and 1980s have longer out-of-home activities and working duration, than the ones who born in 1950s and 1960s

13. Different trends for different generations Women who born in the 1970s and 1980s less number of trips but longer travel time per trip, than the ones who born in 1950s and 1960s Except for 1950s

14. Different trends for different generations The 1970s and 1980s have lower percentage car use, especially in the younger age.

15. Different trends for different generations who were at different stages of life cycle Only women between 25 to 55 years old

16. Different trends for different generations who were at different stages of life cycle Only women between 25 to 55 years old

17. Different trends for different generations who were at different stages of life cycle Only women between 25 to 55 years old

18. Investigating the overtime trade-off between activity time and travel, across different generations and life cycle Work duration imposes weaker constraint to non-work activity duration of 1940s and 1950s, compared to 1930s and earlier – expansion childcare in the 1970s. Work duration only has a small positive influence to the number of work trips – shorter working time is preferred over fewer working day. The earlier generation have shorter duration per non-work activity than their younger counterparts. But younger generation have a longer commute time and distance.

19. Investigating the overtime trade-off between activity time and travel, across different generations and life cycle Older generation’s (1930s-1960s) single mothers have to work longer than the partnered mothers. However, for the younger generation, such constraint is less significant – improvement of welfare system by end of 1970s to beginning of 1990s. The presence of children reduces women’s non-work activity duration, more for older generation than their younger counterparts. 1940s and 1950s mother are the ones who had the shortest non- work activity duration, with most trip chaining.

20. Conclusions Being part of different generations and being part of different life cycle are matter – important in policy design. For example: Partnered younger generation mothers with teen children work more than their older generation. However, the impacts is the opposite for mothers with teen children who do not have a spouse. The Swedish social-welfare policies have significant impacts in changes of women activity participations and time allocations overtime. More equality across gender in term of activity and travel participations and durations.

21. KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY THANK YOU Yusak O. Susilo; yusak.susilo@abe.kth.se QUESTIONS?