1. Alternative Minerals-Potential for Guyana (Part 1)
Rickford Vieira,
Commissioner,
Guyana Geology and Mines Commission
9th September 2014

2. Regional Geology-Brief
Guyana lies within the Amazonian Craton, which forms the northern part of the South American Continent. (Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela). The Amazonian Craton is subdivided into two geographic shields, the Guiana Shield in the north (in which Guyana is situated) and the Central Brazil Shield in the south.
The Amazonian Craton shows striking similarities to the West African Shield. Both connected and formed part of a larger continent, prior to the opening of the Atlantic during the Mesozoic period.
Guyana is largely covered by two terrains
A granulitic and gneissic terrain
A granite – green stone terrain

3. KAOLINITE FROM LINDEN, GUYANA

4. KAOLIN USES AND FACTS
Kaolin is used in ceramics; it is generally the main component in porcelain
as a light diffusing material in white incandescent light bulbs
in cosmetics & for facial masks or soap
for its semi-reinforcing properties in rubber
in organic farming, as a spray applied to crops to deter insect damage, and in the case of apples, to prevent sun scald
as whitewash in traditional stone masonry homes
as an indicator in radiological dating since kaolinite can contain very small traces of uranium and thorium
to soothe an upset stomach
as adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment

5. USES OF KAOLIN
FINE CHINA
FACIAL MASKS

6. KAOLIN OCCURRENCES IN GUYANA

7. NICKEL
NICKELINE (NICKEL ORE)

8. NICKEL USES AND FACTS
About 65% of the nickel which is produced is used to manufacture stainless steels.
Another 20% is used in other steel and non- ferrous alloys - often for highly specialized industrial, aerospace and military applications. 
About 9% is used in plating and 6% in other uses, including coins, electronics, and in batteries for portable equipment and hybrid cars. 

9. NICKEL USES AND FACTS (contd)
In many of these applications listed above, there are no substitute for nickel without reducing performance or increasing cost.
The major producers of Nickel are Australia, Russia, Cuba, Canada, Brazil, New Caledonia, South Africa, Indonesia and China.
The average price of the nickel is US $ 32,000 per metric tones (Ref: dated 5th July 2007 to 5th August 2007).

10. NICKEL OCCURRENCES IN GUYANA
In Guyana, Nickel occurs primarily in the Kauremembu Blue Mountains, Northwest Mining District.
A UN assessment of the area in 1960 indicated that an area of nickel laterite was discovered overlying narrow bands of ultramafic rocks.
The nickel is largely associated with olivine minerals of the serpentinized peridotites in the area.
Drilling of this area showed conclusively that though Ni grades were high, the area was too small for commercial exploitation.

11. NICKEL OCCURRENCE IN GUYANA

12. MOLYBDENUM
MOLYBDENUM ORE

13. MOLYBDENUM USES AND FACTS
valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardness and toughness of quenched and tempered steels.
used in certain nickel-based alloys which are heat- resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions.
 electrical and nuclear applications and as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum.
There are significant molybdenum resources around the world with an average price of US 25 per pound according to UGSG mineral summary,2006.

14. MOLYBDENUM OCCURRENCES IN GUYANA
Molybdenum has been found in significant quantities, during drilling, geochemical soil and sediment survey at following four regions: (1) Yakishuru Hill, Barama (2) Eagle Mountain, Potaro District (3) Ianna Hill, Barama (4) Jubilee – Million Mount, Puruni.
For Eagle Mountain, mineralization is generally associated with the eagle mountain granite porphyry.
For Yakishuru Hill, Molybdenite mineralization occurres as veinlets and disseminations in leucocratic granite (“alaskite”) stock which intrudes feebly molybdeniferous intermediate basic volcanics.

15. MOLYBDENUM OCCURRENCE IN GUYANA (contd)
For Ianna Hill, There are mainly two types of anomalous zones in Ianna area, they area Eastern and Western Anomalous zone, both the zones contains molybdenum soil anomaly.
For Jubilee – Million Mount, Soils over rather leucocratic porphyry carry up to 50 ppm. Molybdenum on a back ground of less than 7 ppm. Unchecked soil values nearly reach 130 ppm. Only a small part of the porphyry area has been examined.

16. MOLYBDENUM OCCURRENCEs IN GUYANA

17. MAGNESITE
MAGNESITE ORE

18. MAGNESITE USES AND FACTS
Similar to the production of lime, magnesite can be burned in the presence of charcoal to produce MgO, which in the form of a mineral is known as periclase. Large quantities of magnesite are burnt to make magnesium oxide: an important refractory material used as a lining in blast furnaces, kilns and incinerators.
Magnesite can also be used as a binder in flooring material. Furthermore it is being used as a catalyst and filler in the production of synthetic rubber and in the preparation of magnesium chemicals and fertilizers.
In fire assay, magnesite cupels can be used for cupellation as the magnesite cupel will resist the high temperatures involved.
At times magnesite is dyed to make beads used as ornaments.

19. MAGNESITE USES
MAGNESITE CUPEL

20. MAGNESITE OCCURRENCES IN GUYANA

21. KYANITE

22. KYANITE USES AND FACTS
Used in the manufacture of refractory products such as the bricks, mortars and kiln furniture used in high temperature furnaces.
Kyanite is also in products used in the automotive and railroad industries where heat resistance is important.
Kyanite has properties that make it exceptionally well suited for the manufacture of a high refractory- strength porcelain - a porcelain that holds its strength at very high temperatures.
Kyanite's heat resistance and hardness makes it an excellent material for use in the manufacture of grinding wheels and cutting wheels.

23. KYANITE USES AND FACTS
Clear and colourful Kyanite is highly prized by those who cut gemstones.
Kyanite is a mineral found mainly in metamorphic rocks. It most often forms from the high pressure alteration of clay minerals during the metamorphism of sedimentary rocks.
Kyanite specimens have a variable hardness even on the same crystal face.
The average value of Kyanite mineral is approximately US $ per ton.

24. USES OF KYANIITE
The porcelain insulator on this spark plug is made from kyanite.
Kyanite is used to make jewellery

25. KYANITE OCCURRENCE IN GUYANA
In Guyana, Kyanite is particularly abundant in the upper Karani/Camp Creek area of the Supenaam Basin.
Kyanite occurs primarily in the meta sediment stratum as kyanite schists.
Mabulla 1973 indicated that the combined reserve of kyanite schists in the area as 3.7 MMT.

26. KYANITE OCCURRENCES IN GUYANA

27. MANGANESE
MANGANESE ORE

28. MANGANESE USES AND FACTS
Manganese is the fourth largest metal consumed in the world, behind iron, aluminum and copper and is in short supply.
Nearly 90% of all Mn produced each year is used in the production of steel and iron.
Manganese Dioxide(MnO2) is used in cell batteries to prevent the formation of Hydrogen.
Mn is used as a drying agent in black paints.
Mn is used to remove the green colour in glass that is caused by iron contaminants.

29. MANGANESE OCCURRENCE IN GUYANA
During the mining operations at Matthews Ridge, in excess of 1.66 million tonnes of manganese concentrate were shipped from the mine out of a resource of 2.6 million tonnes of manganese concentrate at the start of the operations in 1962.
At Pipiani, the historically calculated resources of available concentrates, based on the mining and beneficiation methods used at Matthews Ridge, were 642,000 tonnes of 42% Mn on the basis of 35 drill holes, numerous pits and trenches.
Total historical in situ resources at Matthews Ridge were estimated to be 3.6 million tonnes of 33.4% Mn recoverable concentrate.

30. MANGANESE OCCURRENCES IN GUYANA

31. NIOBIUM-TANTALUM MINERALS
RAW ORE

32. NIOBIUM – TANTALUM USES AND FACTS
as the metal powder, it is used in the production of electronic components, mainly capacitors and some high-power resistors
It is also used to produce a variety of alloys that have high melting points, are strong and have good ductility
It is used for coating in the construction of orthopaedic implants due to the ability to form a direct bond to hard tissue and it’s bio inertness
The high melting point and oxidation resistance lead to the use of the metal in the production of vacuum furnace parts
Tantalum is extremely inert and is therefore formed into a variety of corrosion resistant parts, such as thermo-wells, valve bodies, and tantalum fasteners

33. NIOBIUM – TANTALUM USES
Nb – Ta minerals are found in most cell phones and electronics

34. NIOBIUM TANTALUM OCCURRENCE IN GUYANA

35. HEMATITE
HEMATITE ORE

36. HEMATITE USES AND FACTS
Hematite is used commonly as iron ore
it is used as ornamental jewellery
it also has uses in paint ore and pigments
The colour of most red and brown rock, such as sandstone, is caused by small amounts of Hematite

37. HEMATITE USES
HEMATITE CRYSTALS
BRACELETS MADE OF HEMATITE

38. HEMATITE OCCURRENCE IN GUYANA

39. Quartz Crystals Facts and Formation
Quartz is an essential constituent of granite and other felsic igneous rocks.
It is very common in sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale and is also present in variable amounts as an accessory mineral in most carbonate rocks.
Known occurrences are found in Karanang, Kako River and Kurupukari

40. Quartz Crystal - Uses
Quartz Crystals is commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hard-stone carvings
Applications that exploit its piezoelectric property such as high power sources, sensors, actuators, frequency standards and motors.

41. Quartz Crystals Occurrences in Guyana

42. Soapstone(Talc) Facts and Formation
Talc is a common metamorphic mineral in metamorphic belts which contain ultramafic rocks, such as soapstone (a high-talc rock), and within white-schist and blue-schist metamorphic terrains.
Known occurrence is found in Kauramembu Mountains

43. Soapstone (Talc) - Uses
Talc is used in many industries such as paper making, plastic, paint and coatings, rubber, food, electric cable, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and ceramics.
Talc is often used for surfaces of lab counter tops and electrical switchboards because of its resistance to heat, electricity and acids.
Talc is used in baby powder, an astringent powder used for preventing rashes on the area covered by a diaper.
Talc is also often used as a drying agent to keep a player's hands moist free and marking chalk.

44. Soapstone (Talc) - Uses
Countertop
Paper Production
Beautifying Products

45. Soapstone (Talc) Occurrence in Guyana

46. Topaz Facts and Formation
Topaz is a silicate mineral most often found in igneous rocks of felsic composition.
It is also found in some hydrothermal veins and the hydrothermally altered rocks that surround them.
It is a common mineral of pegmatite and also found in the cavities of rhyolite and granite.
Known occurrences are found in Eping, Semang-Potaro and Maikawk

47. Topaz - Uses
Topaz is as a gemstone

49. Feldspars Facts and Formation
Feldspars occur in all classes of rocks.
They are widely distributed in igneous rocks, which indicates that they have formed by crystallization from magma.
Known occurrences are found in Batavia/Oko Road and Flat Rock – A & B

50. Feldspars Facts and Formation
Feldspars occur in all classes of rocks.
They are widely distributed in igneous rocks, which indicates that they have formed by crystallization from magma.
Known occurrences are found in Batavia/Oko Road and Flat Rock – A & B

51. Feldspars Facts and Formation
Feldspars occur in all classes of rocks.
They are widely distributed in igneous rocks, which indicates that they have formed by crystallization from magma.
Known occurrences are found in Batavia/Oko Road and Flat Rock – A & B

52. Feldspars - Uses
Glass Making
Ceramics

53. Feldspars Occurrence in Guyana

54. Clays Facts and formation
Clays are formed from weathering of silica rich rocks such as:
Diorite, Granite, Granite pegmatite and Gabbro
Known occurrences are found in Hope Mines, Topira Mines, Kamakabra, Tumatumar, Kwakwani, Rockstone, Orealla and Warabarabru

55. Clays - Uses
As a building material, it is used in the form of brick, either sun- dried or fired.
Clays are also used in the manufacture of tile, porcelain, china, and earthenware, and of pipe for drainage and sewage.
Highly absorbent, bentonite is much used in foundry work for facing the molds and preparing the molding sands for casting metals.
The less absorbent bentonites are used chiefly in the oil industry, as filtering and deodorizing agents in the refining of petroleum and mixed with other materials, as drilling mud to protect the cutting bit while drilling.
Other uses are in the making of fillers, in clarifying water and wine, in purifying sewage, and in the paper, ceramics, plastics, and rubber industries.

56. Clays - Uses

57. Clay Occurrences in Guyana