1. S.T.A.R., INC. SEALCOATING ADDITIVES

2. DEFINITIONS ADDTIVES: THING ADDED SEALCOATING ADDITIVES: THINGS (CHEMICALS) ADDED TO ACCOMPLISH SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

3. OBJECTIVES THICKENING: To accommodate large amounts of water. FAST DRYING: Even under not-so-ideal weather conditions. UNIFORM DRY COLOR: Under shade or shine. SAND OR AGGREGATE SUSPENSION: No streaking. IMPROVED PROPERTIES: Flexibility and elongation Toughness Water resistance Resistance to chemicals, de-icing salts, oils, fats, grease etc..

4. SEALCOATING ADDITIVES Have been used for the last 20-25 years Extensively used since mid-70’s when FAA ADOPTED ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE LATICES FOR RUBBERIZING COAL TAR BASED SEALER. Prior years, rubber was blended directly in asphalt or tar for modification.

5. TYPES OF ADDITIVES AND SPECIFIC PURPOSES 1. ADDITIVES THAT DO NOT MODIFY INGREDIENTS. THICKENERS: Viscosity building additives A. SALTS, MILD ACIDSe.g. MgC12, Acetic Acid Cost Effective but introduce WATER-SENSITIVITY. B. NATURAL GUMSe.g. Xanthum Gum, Expensive, Introduce PERMANENT WATER- SENSITIVITY. C. BENTONITIC CLAYSCost effective, some water sensitivity in film, which can be counterbalanced. D, SPECIALITY POLYMERS Very cost-effective. Do not introduce water sensitivity.

6. 2.ADDITIVES THAT MODIFY INGREDIENTS A.CLAY PROPERTIES MODIFIERS Additives are available that modify the surface characteristics of the clays in the sealer Drastic reduction in water sensitivity of cured films of sealer. B.ADDITIVES THAT MODIFY THE PROPERTIES OF THE BINDER-ASPHALT AND TAR. REDUCE TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY; Tack and flow in summer and hardening and brittleness in winter months. INCREASE TOUGHNESS; Greater resistance to abrasion, scour and wear. Better retention of aggregates. INCREASE FLEXIBILITY AND ADHESION; Better anchoring of aggregates. REDUCE BLEEDING OF THE BITUMEN; Asphalt and tar to the surface of the coating. OTHER BENEFITS THICKENING:due to pH alteration of the coating system. FAST DRYING: even under not-so-ideal weather conditions. UNIFORM DRIED COLOR OF THE SEALER.

7. POLYMERIC ADDITIVES RUBBER EMULSIONS are dispersion of giant polymeric molecules in water. These molecules have large chain length and are heavily branched: Dispersed in sealcoating materials, they spread and form a flexible and tough NETWORK OF POLYMERS. AS THE SEALCOATING DRIES; The water is expelled out of the film at a rather uniform rate as the polymer chains spread and tighten throughout the film, this; Reinforcing the properties of the sealcoating, Reducing the drying time and Producing uniform dark color. The bitumens; asphalt and tar coalesce at a uniform rate. FLEXIBILITY AND TOUGHNESS ARE ENHANCED.

8. ADDITIONALLY Polymer segments FUSE WITH THE BITUMENS, ASPHALT AND TAR in the sealer at the points of surface contacts, thereby modifying its properties. HARDNESS FLEXIBILITY TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY CHEMICAL RESISTANCE ADHESION. POLYMER NETWORK TAR PARTICLES CLAY PARTICLES OVERALL CONTRIBUTION FASTER DRYING, UNIFORM COLOR ON DRYING TOUGHNESS AND FLEXIBILITY BETTER AGGREGATE SUSPENSION, IMPORVED RESISTANCE TO CHEMICALS

9. LET US EXAMINE A FEW COMMONLY USED POLYMERS FOR ADDITIVES WE WILL REVIEW THE GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE FOLLOWING RUBBERS OR POLYMERS FOR THEIR RESISTANCE TO COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED CHEMICALS AND WEATHER RELATED ELEMENTS. PVA - POLYVINYLACETATE/ACRYLIC COPOLYMER SBR - STYRENE BUTADIENE COPOLYMER NR - NATURAL RUBBER BR - BUTADIENE RUBBER CHLOROPRENE - NEOPRENE NBR - ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE RUBBER

10. IF THE POLYMER HAS CERTAIN DEGREE OF WEAKNESS THE ADDITIVE BASED ON IT WILL ADVERSELY AFFECT THE PROPERTIES OF THE CURED SEALCOATING FOR EXAMPLE IF THE POLYMER OR RUBBER IS: 1.POOR RESISTANCE TO WATER - THE CURED FILM OF THE SEALER WILL BECOME SOFT UNDER WATER AND WILL BE EASILY TORN BY THE TRAFFIC, 2.POOR RESISTANCE TO FUEL, GAS, OIL ETC.: THE SEALCOATING WILL LOSE EVEN ITS ORIGINAL RESISTANCE PROPERTIES. IT WILL BECOME A WEAK LINK IN THE SEALCOATING THE MANUFACTURER WILL ASSIST IN THE SELECTION OF THE PROPER ADDITIVE.

11. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE PROPERTIES POLYMER TYPE -POLYVINYLACETATE/ACRYLIC CO- POLYMER (PVA) RESISTANCE TO -MILD HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS AND SOME RESISTANCE TO WEAK ACIDS AND ALKALIS. RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC CHEMICALS - That attack asphalt pavement. MaterialsRating WaterPOOR Hydraulic Oils (Petroleum)POOR KerosenePOOR Lactic AcidFAIR-GOOD FatFAIR-GOOD Vegetable OilsFAIR-GOOD Lubricating OilsFAIR-GOOD Transmission Fluid (Type A)FAIR-GOOD Turbine OilFAIR-GOOD TurpentineEXCELLENT IsopropanolVERY POOR ATTACKED BY: WATER, ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION, ALKALIS, ACIDS, ALCOHOLS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, GLYCOLS ETC.

12. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE POLYMER TYPE -ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE (NBR) RESISTANT TO -MANY HYDROCARBONS, OILS, FATS, GREASE, HYDRAULIC FLUIDS, CHEMICALS ETC. ATTACKED BY - OZONE, KETONES, CHLORINATED AND NITRO HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS. RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC CHEMICALS - That attack asphalt pavements. MaterialsRating WaterA Hydraulic Oils (Petroleum)A KeroseneA Lactic AcidA FatA Vegetable OilsA Lubricating oilsA Transmission Fluid (TYPE A)A Turbine OilB TurpentineA IsopropanolB A-Recommended, little or no effect B-Minor to moderate effect C-Moderate to severe effect - not recommended U-Poor-not recommend.

13. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE PROPERTIES POLYMER TYPE -STYRENE/BUTADIENE (SBR) NATURAL RUBBER (NR) BUTYL RUBBER (BR) PROPERTIES OF ALL ABOVE TYPES ARE SIMILAR. RESISTANCE TO -MODERATE CHEMICALS, ORGANIC ACIDS, ALCOHOLS, KETONES, ALDEHYDES RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC CHEMICALS - That attack asphalt pavement. MaterialsRating WaterEXCELLENT Hydraulic Oils (Petroleum)VERY POOR KeroseneVERY POOR Lactic AcidEXCELLENT FatVERY POOR Vegetable OilsVERY POOR Lubricating OilsVERY POOR Transmission Fluid (Type A)VERY POOR Turbine OilVERY POOR TurpentineVERY POOR IsopropanolVERY POOR ATTACKED BY: OZONE, STRONG ACIDS, OILS, GREASE, MOST HYDROCARBONS SOLVENTS.

14. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE PROPERTIES POLYMER TYPE -CHLOROPRENE POLYMER (NEOPRENE) RESISTANCE TO -MODERATE CHEMICALS, MILD ACIDS, OILS, FATS, GREASE AND SOME SOLVENTS. RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC CHEMICALS - That attack asphalt pavement. MaterialsRating WaterEXCELLENT Hydraulic Oils (Petroleum)FAIR-GOOD KerosenePOOR Lactic AcidEXCELLENT FatFAIR-GOOD Vegetable OilsFAIR-GOOD Lubricating OilsFAIR-GOOD Transmission Fluid (Type A)FAIR-GOOD Turbine OilFAIR-GOOD TurpentineVERY POOR IsopropanolEXCELLENT ATTACKED BY: ESTERS, KETONES, CHLORINATED AND NIRTO-HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS, STRONG OXIDIZING ACIDS.

15. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE PROPERTIES POLYMER TYPE -ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE (NBR) RESISTANCE TO -MANY HYDROCARBONS, OILS, FATS, GREASE, HYDRAULIC FLUIDS, CHEMICALS ETC. RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC CHEMICALS - That attack asphalt pavement. MaterialsRating WaterEXCELLENT Hydraulic Oils (Petroleum)EXCELLENT KeroseneEXCELLENT Lactic AcidEXCELLENT FatEXCELLENT Vegetable OilsEXCELLENT Lubricating OilsEXCELLENT Transmission Fluid (Type A)EXCELLENT Turbine OilFAIR-GOOD TurpentineEXCELLENT IsopropanolFAIR-GOOD ATTACKED BY: OZONE, KETONES, CHLORINATED AND NIRTO-HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS.

16. CONCLUSIONS 1. ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE BASED POLYMERS HAVE TH BEST OVERALL PROPERTIES. THEY REINFORCE AND BOOST THE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT AND REFINED COAL TAR BASED SEALERS. THEY HAVE BETTER RESISTANCE TO OILS AND OTHER PETROCHEMICALS THEN STYRENE/BUTADIENE RUBBERS. REST OF THE PROPERTIES ARE SIMILAR. APPROVED BY FAA P-625, ENGINEERING BRIEF NO. 46 2.PVA-POLYVINYLACETATE/ACRYLIC COPOLYMERS ARE NOT RECOMMENED. THEY INTRODUCE WEAK SPOTS IN THE CURED FILM THAT IS ATTACKED BY WATER AND ALKALI. THESE CONCLUSIONS ARE BASED ON POLYMER PROPERTIES. THE MANUFACTURER OF ADDITVE MAY HAVE OVERCOME SHORTCOMINGS BY POLYMER MODIFICATION WHICH HE MUST ESTABLISH.

17. Majority of the POLYMERIC ADDITIVES: º Produce Thickening, º Speed up Drying Time, º Produce Uniform Dry Color, º Help to Suspend Aggregates. But they differ in their abilities to; º Reinforce the properties like, Flexibility, Toughness, Temperature Susceptibility etc. ºImprove resistance to Chemicals, oils, fats, grease, de-icing salts, aromatic fuels etc. LET US EXAMINE A FEW COMMONLY USED POLYMERIC ADDTIVES.

18. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE POLYMER TYPE -POLYVINYL ACETATE/ACRYLIC CO- POLYMER, (PVA) RESISTANT TO -MILD HYDROCARBONS SOLVENTS AND WEAK ACIDS. SOME RESISTANCE TO WEAK ALKALIS. ATTACKED BY - WATER, ALKALIS, ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION, ACIDS, ALCOHOLS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, GLYCOLS ETC. RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC CHEMICALS - That attack asphalt pavements. MaterialsRating WaterC Hydraulic Oils (Petroleum)C KeroseneC Lactic AcidB FatB Vegetable OilsB Lubricating oilsB Transmission Fluid (TYPE A)B Turbine OilB TurpentineA IsopropanolU Sodium Hydroxide (10%)C A-Recommended, little or no effect B-Minor to moderate effect C-Moderate to severe effect - not recommended U-Poor-not recommend.

19. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE POLYMER TYPE -1. STYRENE BUTADIENE (SBR) 2. NATURAL RUBBER (NB) 3. BUTYL RUBBER (BR) Properties of all the types similar. RESISTANT TO -MODERATE CHEMICALS, WET OR DRY. ORGANIC ACIDS, ALCOHOLS, KETONES, ALDEHYDES. ATTACKED BY - OZONE, STRONG ACIDS, OILS, GREASE, MOST HYDROCARBONS. RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC CHEMICALS - That attack asphalt pavements. MaterialsRating WaterA Hydraulic Oils (Petroleum)U KeroseneU Lactic AcidA FatU Vegetable OilsU Lubricating oilsU Transmission Fluid (TYPE A)U Turbine OilU TurpentineU IsopropanolU Sodium Hydroxide (10%)B A-Recommended, little or no effect B-Minor to moderate effect C-Moderate to severe effect - not recommended U-Poor-not recommend.

20. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE POLYMER TYPE -CHLOROPRENE POLYMER (NEOPRENE) RESISTANT TO -MODERATE CHEMICALS, MILD ACIDS,OILS, OZONE, FATS, GREASE AND SOME SOLVENTS. ATTACKED BY - ESTERS, KETONES, CHLORINATED AND NITRO HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS, STRONG OXIDISING ACIDS. RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC CHEMICALS - That attack asphalt pavements. MaterialsRating WaterA Hydraulic Oils (Petroleum)B KeroseneC Lactic AcidA FatC Vegetable OilsB Lubricating oilsB Transmission Fluid (TYPE A)B Turbine OilB TurpentineU IsopropanolA A-Recommended, little or no effect B-Minor to moderate effect C-Moderate to severe effect - not recommended U-Poor-not recommend.

21. CONCLUSIONS 1.Acrylonitrile/Butadiene polymers (NBR TYPE) have the best overall properties. They reinforce and boost the properties of asphalt and coal-tar based sealers. 2.Acrylonitrile/Butadiene polymers have better resistance to oils and other petrochemicals then Styrene/Butadiene polymers. Rest of the properties are similar. 3.Polyvinyl Acetate/acrylic co-polymers (PVAs) are not recommended due to poor water and alkali resistance. Introduce weak spots in the film when attacked by water. Useful only as thickeners and for speeding up drying.

22. TYPICAL MIX DESIGNS 1. FINISH COAT MIX ComponentsGals.Solid Gals. Tar-31.34 (B) Sealer10040.83 Clay- 8.95 (F) Water 40- A/B Latex 31.22 (B) TOTAL14342.03 Solids, % By Volume29.40 Sealer, % By Volume in the total mix70.00 Binder=31.34 + 1.22=32.56=3.64 Filler 8.95 8.951 Application rate =00.11 Gal. Total Mix/Sq.. Yd. =82.00Sq.. Feet/Gallon Wet Film Thickness=19.50Mils. Dry Film Thickness= 5.80Mils.

23. TYPICAL MIX DESIGNS 1. FILLER COAT MIX ComponentsGals.Solid Gals. Tar-31.34 (B) Sealer10040.83 Clay- 8.95 (F) Water 50- A/B Latex 4 1.63 (B) Sand/Aggregate22.6 (500#)22.60 (F) TOTAL176.6065.06 Solids, % By Volume36.84 Sealer, % By Volume in the total mix56.50 Binder=31.34 + 1.63=32.97=1.05 Filler 8.95 +22.60 31.551.00 Application rate =00.21 Gal. Total Mix/Sq.. Yd. =43.00Sq.. Feet/Gallon Wet Film Thickness= 37.30Mils. Dry Film Thickness= 13.80Mils. TOTAL FILM THICKNESS (1 +2), Wet-56.8 Mils Dry-19.60 Mils

24. FAA P-625 (Engineering Brief No. 46, Issued 1/1/91) COMPOSITION OF MIXTURE (Quantities per gallon of emulsion) Type of WaterAggregateRubberApplication SealcoatGal./Gal.Lbs./Gal.Gal./Gal.Rate Gal. Sq.. Yd. Rubberized Sand Slurry0.8 (Max.)4-200.04-0.180.2-0.55 Rubberized Emulsion0.8 (Max.)-0.03-0.050.10-0.20 Sand Slurry0.15 (Max.)2-5-0.15-0.20 Plain Emulsion0.10 (Max.)--0.08-0.10

25. FAA P-625 Formulations Engineering Brief No. 46 RUBBERIZED SAND SLURRY Low End Components gals.Solid gals. SEALER 10040.83 WATER 50 - A/B Latex 41.63 Sand/Aggregate 18 (400#) 18 TOTAL 172.00 60.46 Solids, % By. Vol.. 35.30 %Sealer by Vol.. In mix 58.10 (BINDER/FILLER) Ratio 1.22/1 Application rate (Gal/Sq.. Yd.) 0.20 Wet Film Thickness, Mils. 35.64 Dry Film Thickness, Mils. 12.58 Dry Film Thickness, 2 Coats 25.16 Dry Film Thickness, 3 Coats, (2 X A + B) 30.39 High End Components gals. Solid gals. SEALER 100 40.83 WATER 80 - A/B Latex 18 8.15 Sand/Aggregate 90 (2000#) 90 TOTAL 288.00 138.98 Solids, % By. Vol.. 48.26 % Sealer by Vol.. In mix 34.72 (BINDER/FILLER) Ratio 0.40/1 Application rate (Gal/Sq.. Yd.) 0.50 Wet Film Thickness, Mils. 89 Dry Film Thickness, Mils. 43.30 Dry Film Thickness, 2 Coats 86.60 Dry Film Thickness, 3 Coats, (2 X A + B) 94.85

26. FAA P-625 Formulations Engineering Brief No. 46 RUBBERIZED EMULSION Low End Components gals.Solid gals. SEALER 10040.83 WATER 40 - A/B Latex 3 1.22 TOTAL 143.00 42.03 Solids, % By. Vol.. 29.40 %Sealer by Vol.. In mix 70.00 (BINDER/FILLER) Ratio 3.64/1 Application rate (Gal/Sq.. Yd.) 0.10 Wet Film Thickness, Mils. 17.82 Dry Film Thickness, Mils. 5.23 High End Components gals.Solid gals. SEALER 10040.83 WATER 80 - A/B Latex 5 2.03 TOTAL 185.00 42.86 Solids, % By. Vol.. 23.17 %Sealer by Vol.. In mix 54.05 (BINDER/FILLER) Ratio 3.73/1 Application rate (Gal/Sq.. Yd.) 0.20 Wet Film Thickness, Mils. 35.64 Dry Film Thickness, Mils. 8.25

27. FAA P-625 ENGINEERING BRIEF NO. 46 (NON-RUBBERIZED SYSTEMS) SAND SLURRYPLAIN EMULSION COMPOSITIONGALS.SOLIDCOMPOSITION GALS.SOLIDGALS. SEALER10040.83SEALER 10040.83 WATER 15-WATER 10- SAND22.622.6 (500#) TOTAL137.6063.43TOTAL 110.0040.83 SOLIDS, % BY VOL.46.10SOLIDS, % BY VOL.37.10 SEALER, % BY VOL.72.70SEALER, % BY VOL.90.90 BINDER/FILLER RATIO-1/1BINDER/FILLER RATIO-3.5/1 APPLICATION RATE0.175APPLICATION RATE0.09 (GAL/SQ.YD.)(GAL/DQ.YD.) WET FILM THICKNESS31.2WET FILM THICKNESS16.0(IN MILS.) DRY FILM THICKNESS14.38DRY FILM THICKNESS5.95 (IN MILS.)(IN MILS. DRY FILM THICKNESS OF 3 COATS SYSTEM, 34.71 (2 FILLER + 1 FINISH COAT

28. PERFORMANCE-WHAT TO EXPECT The quantities of the components in the mix design must be well balanced to yield the proper: BINDER/FILLER RATIO DRIED FILM THICKNESS WATER - Excessive amounts: REDUCE SOLIDS BY VOLUME, YIELD THINNER DRY FILMS

29. SAND/AGGREGATES As a general rule, increasing amounts DETRACT PERFORMANCE; REDUCE FLEXIBILITY. Coating becomes increasingly tougher and FAILS TO FLEX WITH THE PAVEMENT. REDUCE ADHESION. Excessive absorption of the binder. Also increased toughness overcomes the adhesive forces. REDUCE WEATHERING AND CHEMICAL RESISTANCE. Due to increased porosity. Do not increase the skid resistance. Levels off at 7-8 lbs. Per gallon.

30. ADDITIVES Right Additive used in right proportion will; Reinforce the properties, Improve the overall performance BUT CAN NOT OVERCOME DEFICIENCIES of thinner films, caused by excessive water, Supply enough binder to satisfy the demand of the excessive amounts of aggregates used in the mix.

31. PERFORMANCE A - POSITIVE EFFECTS REACH A MAXIMUM. ADDITIONAL AGGREATES DO NOT IMPROVE PERFORMANCE. B - POSITIVE PROPERTIES DECREASE WITH INCREASE IN AGGREGATE CONTENT. B’-POLYMERIC ADDITIVES IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE, AT A GIVEN AGGREGATE LOADING. THE TREND IS STILL THE SAME. ABRASION & SKID RESISTANCE MAXIMUM ACCEPTANCE PERFORMANCE B B’ (POLYMER ADDED) FUEL RESISTANCE ADHESION & FLEXIBILITY INCREASING AGGREGATE LOADING -----------

32. RECOMMENDATIONS 1.WATER, per 100 gallons of the sealer; FILLER COAT - 50 GALLONS. FINISH COAT - 40 GALLONS. 2,AGGREGATES, per gallon of the sealer; FILLER COAT - 4-5 LBS. IF USED IN BOTH COATS - 2-2.5 LBS. BINDER/FILLER RATIO, BY VOL. - 1/1 3.ADDITIVE, As specified. Follow Manufacturer’s Recommendations.

33. MIX DESIGNS Sealcoatings are seldom applied as a concentrate. The most common practice is to add the following in recommended quantities, called MIX DESIGN. 1.WATER is added to; reduce viscosity, impart fluidity for ease in application, satisfy the water demand of the sand/aggregates. SHALL BE; CLEAN, POTABLE FREE FORM HARMFUL SOLUBLE SALTS, at min. 50 DEG. F. (10 DEG. C) at pH TO CONFORM SEALCOATING MANUFACTURES RECOMMENDATION.

34. 2.AGGREGATES are added to; improve SKID RESISTANCE, improve ABRASION RESISTANCE cover MINOR SURFACE DEFECTS impart an UNIFORM APPEARANCE. SHALL BE; NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC, ANGULAR FOR PROPER INTERLOCKING OF PARTICLES, CLEAN, HARD, DURABLE UNCOATED, FREE FROM LUMPS OF CLAY AND ALL ORGANIC MATTER, AVG. GRAIN FINENESS 60-70 MESH, DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN 20-30 MESH TO 100 MESH.

35. 3.POLYMERIC ADDITIVE - AS SPECIFIED, FAA P-625 SPECIFIES ACRYLONITRILE (30-49 PARTS)/ BUTADIENE (51-70 PARTS), MIN. SOLIDS, % BY WT. - 40.00 4.SEALCOATING MATERIAL COAL TAR PITCH EMULSION TO MEET RP-355e except WATER SHALL NOT EXCEED 50% BY WT. FAA P-625, ENGINEERING BRIEF NO. 46 IS A GUIDE SPECIFICATION. REQUIREMENTS-MUST PASS A SERIES OF TEST. TEST APPLICATION-250 SQ. YARDS AND WATCH FOR PERFORMANCE.