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Chapter 11 Sources of Capital McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Learning Objectives To identify the types of financing available
To understand the role of commercial banks in financing new ventures, the types of loans available, and bank lending decisions To discuss Small Business Administration (SBA) loans To understand the aspects of research and development limited partnerships
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Learning Objectives To discuss government grants, particularly Small Business Innovation Research grants To understand the role of private placement as a source of funds
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Debt or Equity Financing
Debt financing: Obtaining borrowed funds for the company Requires asset to be used as collateral Equity financing: Obtaining funds for the company in exchange for ownership Does not require collateral Offers investor some form of ownership position
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Internal or External Funds
Internal funds- Generated from sources within the company Profits Sale of assets Working capital reduction Accounts receivable Short-term internal source of funds: Reducing short-term assets Extended payment terms from suppliers.
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Personal Funds Least expensive in terms of cost and control
Essential for attracting outside funding Sources include: Savings Life insurance Mortgage on a house or car
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Family and Friends Likely to invest due to relationship with entrepreneur Advantage - Easy to obtain money Disadvantage - Direct input into operations of a venture
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Family and Friends A formal agreement must include:
Amount of money involved Terms of the money Rights and responsibilities of the investor Steps to be taken when a business fails
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Commercial Banks Asset base for loan
Tangible collateral valued at more than the amount of money borrowed Types of bank loans Accounts receivable Inventory Equipment Real-estate
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Commercial Banks Conventional bank loans: Standard way banks lend money to companies Types of loans Installment Straight commercial Long-term Character
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Commercial Banks Bank lending decisions - Based on:
Quantifiable information and subjective judgments Five Cs of lending - Character, Capacity, Capital, Collateral, and Conditions Review of past financial statements and future projections Ability to repay the loan
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Role of the SBA in Small-Business Financing
Small Business Administration (SBA) Guarantor of loans made by private and other institutions Proceeds can be used for: Working capital Machinery and equipment Furniture and fixtures Land and building Leasehold improvements Debt refinancing
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Role of the SBA in Small-Business Financing
Eligibility criteria Repayment ability Five “C’s” Size Type of business Use of proceeds Availability of funds from other sources
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Role of the SBA in Small-Business Financing
Interest rates are: Negotiated Subject to SBA maximums May be fixed or variable
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Role of the SBA in Small-Business Financing
504 loan program - Provides fixed-rate financing To acquire machinery, equipment, or even real estate For maximum value of $1 million SBA Microloan – 7(m) loan program Short-term loans of up to $35,000 Working capital, purchase of inventory, supplies, furniture, fixtures, machinery, or equipment Cannot be used to pay existing debts
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Private Placement Private offerings
Formalized method for obtaining funds from private investors Faster and less costly
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Private Placement Regulation D: Laws governing a private offering
Contains broad provisions designed to simplify private offerings General definitions of what constitutes a private offering Provides specific operating rules—Rule 504,505, and 506
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Bootstrap Financing Disadvantages of using outside capital
Takes between three and six months to raise Decreases a firm’s drive for sales and profits Increases the impulse to spend Decreases the company’s flexibility May cause disruption and problems in the venture
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Bootstrap Financing Involves using any possible method for conserving cash, such as: Use of discounts for volume Frequent customer discounts Promotional discounts Obsolescence money Savings through bulk packaging Consignment financing
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