1. Existentialism and Jean-Paul Sartre?

2. Existentialism defined
existence precedes essence
in order to make a table, the artisan must first have a conception of the table
not so with human beings; we come into the world existent but without a nature, without essence; we define ourselves while existing
we are the sum of our experiences

3. Not this…
but instead this…

4. Characteristics of Existentialism
reaction against rationalism
existentialist Angst
German for “dread”
a recurrent state of disquiet concerning one’s life
choice
you must make choices; nothing forces you to do anything: “I have to go to class today”--Sartre argues “you want to go to class today

5. What are life and death? life is choice
all one can experience is life; death is absence of experience; therefore it has no reality
“Hell is other people” (No Exit)

6. The human situation for the Existentialist is thus characterized by:
1. Facticity (throwness): We find ourselves existing in a world not of our own making and indifferent to our concerns. We are not the source of our existence, but find ourselves thrown into a world we don't control and didn't choose.
2. Anxiety: We are faced with the lack of any external source of value and determination. We are faced with the responsibility of choosing our own nature and values, and, in doing so, we are faced we must face the awesome responsibility of choosing human nature and values for all men in our free choices.
3. Despair: In seeing the contrast between the world we’re thrown into and which we cannot control and the absolute freedom we have to create ourselves, we must despair of any hope of external value or determination and restrict ourselves to what is under our own control.

7. Freedom any situation in which one finds oneself is his own creation
therefore, one creates his own world by supplying the meanings, the interpretations, the significance for things and events
since the world is the product of my choice, I and and I alone bear responsibility for the world

8. Bad Faith not a value judgment (bad vs. good)
Sartre’s conception of self-deception
the deliberate creation in oneself of the appearance of a belief which one in fact knows to be false
people oftentimes lie to themselves: “I am not an alcoholic,” says the alcoholic
determinism is really the root of bad faith

9. Nothingness not nihilism
part of the argument hinges on discussions of matter and reality; can we ever actually have “nothing”? If we are thinking and existing, then the answer must be “no.”
but …..

10. Nothing, Something, Whatever
human existence has no ground
it arises from nothing
it ends in nothing
its meaning consists in anticipation of death
but Sartre does argue that human being consists in nothing; this is why we can talk about the absence of a guest

11. Meaning and Life
“There is no ultimate meaning or purpose inherent in human life; in this sense life is ‘absurd.’”
Sartre insists that the only foundation for values is human freedom; there can be no external objective justification for the values one chooses to adopt

12. “Radical Freedom”? Radical Freedom is a:
A condition of human existence: we must commit ourselves at every moment.
Not characteristic of human nature.
Who we are is a function of the choices we make, not vice-versa.

13. More of Sartre’s ideas, on . . .
FREEDOM is the central and unique potentiality which constitutes us as human. Sartre rejects determinism, saying that it is our choice how we respond to determining tendencies.
CHOICE. I am my choices. I cannot not choose. If I do not choose, that is still a choice. If faced with inevitable circumstances, we still choose how we are in those circumstances.

14. Responsibility
RESPONSIBILITY. Each of us is responsible for everything we do. If we seek advice from others, we choose our advisor and have some idea of the course he or she will recommend. "I am responsible for my very desire of fleeing responsibilities."

15. Final Points
PAST DETERMINANTS SELDOM TELL US THE CRUCIAL INFORMATION. We transform past determining tendencies through our choices. Explanations in terms of family, socioeconomic status, etc., do not tell us why a person makes the crucial choices we are most interested in.
OUR ACTS DEFINE US. "In life, a man commits himself, draws his own portrait, and there is nothing but that portrait.“ Our illusions and imaginings about ourselves, about what we could have been, are nothing but self-deception.

16. Final points
WE CONTINUALLY MAKE OURSELVES AS WE ARE. A "brave" person is simply someone who usually acts bravely. Each act contributes to defining us as we are, and at any moment we can begin to act differently and draw a different portrait of ourselves. There is always a possibility to change, to start making a different kind of choice.
OUR POWER TO CREATE OURSELVES. We have the power of transforming ourselves indefinitely.

17. To sum up
1. We have no predetermined nature or essence that controls what we are, what we do, or what is valuable for us.
2. We are radically free to act independently of determination by outside influences.
3. We create our own human nature through these free choices.
4. We also create our values through these choices.