1. The Case of Need for OPMH Liaison Services John Holmes Senior Lecturer in Liaison Psychiatry of Old Age University of Leeds

2. To establish a convincing case of need: Evidence that mental health problems in older people are common in general hospitals Evidence that outcomes are adversely affected in this group Reasons why outcomes may be affected Solutions that address these reasons

3. Determining the prevalence Comprehensive search –576 papers identified –256 contained original data –97 met appraisal criteria

4. How common is psychiatric illness in older people in general hospitals?

5. Some gaps in epidemiology in GH Self harm Somatisation Anxiety disorders

6. Self harm attendances in A&E 110 of the 5038 attendances (2.2%) were by older people

7. University Hospitals of Leicester: Glenfield Hospital570 beds Leicester Royal Infirmary>1000 beds Leicester General Hospital680 beds Total2250 =1462 older people –380 with depression –249 with delirium –190 with dementia

8. Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust Distribution of admissions  65 yrs

9. So… There’s a lot of it about What about outcomes? –systematic review –27 studies –Outcomes affected across the board LOS, mortality, institutionalisation, physical dependence, readmissions

10. Survival after hip fracture… (Nightingale et al 2001, Lancet, vol. 357, no. 9264, 1264-126)

11. As for length of stay… (Holmes & House 2000, Psychol Med vol. 30, 921-929)

12. To manage problems successfully we need: –Accurate detection by general hospital staff –Optimal management by general hospital staff investigations treatment referral for specialist advice

13. Why are things so bad 2? We met with some general nurses: –To identify the attitudes, perceptions and training needs of general nurses relating to older people with mental health problems. –Data collection: Focus groups with general nurses (CoE wards) –Analysis Grounded theory approach to develop themes

14. Theme 1 Older people with mental health problems are identified through their behaviour. “I suppose when I think of people mentally, with mental health problems on an elderly ward, I’m thinking about people that get violent.” “It’s the dementias we see more of and they stand out more because they’re the one’s trying to get off the ward or mess with other people’s belongings or equipment on the ward.” “I think we all have it don’t we? The wandering patients, which is the biggest problem really.. “ “Outbursts of aggression”

15. Theme 2 Physical care needs are prioritised over mental health needs “you don’t die of confusion” “you have to prioritise the life threatening conditions first.” “that’s our problem on the ward, we prioritise the medical intervention, you know our focus, you know, hands on medical interventions.” “if you’ve got 5 minutes, I don’t go and sit with a patient who I think might be getting more confused, to find out what the problem is, I think, ah, I’ve got 5 minutes, I am going to tidy up this bay because it’s a tip, because I don’t feel I have the skills to draw out from this patient.”

16. Theme 3 Nurses perceive themselves and medical staff as lacking the skills needed to recognise and manage mental health difficulties “ And the root of the problem is basically our education, we don’t know enough about mental conditions for us to screen and identify and therefore treat, and that’s our problem, resources aren’t available for us to be able to do that.” “And we don’t, we don’t know enough about psychiatric illnesses to pick up exactly what it is.” “What sections what, who? I’ve walked round with the bleep, half thinking, please God, don’t let me have to go anywhere, cos I don’t know what I’m doing.” “I did four weeks in a day hospital and then that was it. I played Bingo and listened to The Sound of Music, and did exercises and we threw a ball at each other.”

17. Theme 4 General nurses believe older people with mental health difficulties do not get a good service in general hospitals. “In terms of managing somebody’s mental illness, we are doing them a disservice, and if it was a medical problem, you know, it wouldn’t be tolerated, but because it’s a mental health problem it is.” “And the patients that are confused do get neglected, because you don’t give them the attention that you could give if you didn’t have your acutely unwell.” “Like taking sticks off people, and moving the table away so they can’t even get their water; cos they throw it.” Atkin et al. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20(11):1081-3.

18. … and our survey of old age psychiatrists revealed deficits in: Knowledge “How to engender some knowledge for the management of psychiatry disorders in non psychiatry areas” Skills “Your questionnaire makes me aware of… …how much mental disorder/psychopathology/unhappiness and distress is being missed or probably dealt with inappropriately” Attitudes “The general attitude is that anyone with a psychiatric label should be put in a corner and ignored - almost universal on surgical and orthopaedic wards” “Few referrals from surgery. I dread to think that they just over-sedate delirious patients with loads of haloperidol.”

19. An acute trust chief executive: Referral mechanisms SSD/Acute trusts/MHT do not address co-morbidity Organisational boundaries get in the way of appropriate service delivery Pressure on the acute system is not conducive to taking time and not rushing Systems too rigid to provide care in the appropriate place for each person Organisational cultures cause barriers more than a lack of resource

20. Why are things so bad? Different people interested in different outcomes: –Acute trusts –Mental health trusts –Primary care trusts –Users and carers

21. Back to our nurses… Some solutions identified: Training wanted, to identify and manage mental health difficulties. Fast, direct access to a mental health professional for patient management advice. Improve referral system to psychiatry – faster response, clear referral routes, nurses able to refer, improved follow up. Specialist wards for older people with complex needs.

22. So we need: –To ensure that general hospital staff are equipped to deal with the basics of mental health care Training / education, ? supervision and –To deliver specialist mental health care where needs are more complex Clinical service and –Input into service design Stakeholder involvement

23. For adults of working age: Liaison psychiatry –Well established sub-speciality, Faculty of the RCPsych –Specific policy drivers Health of the Nation Self harm –Input into many different specialities Ageist not to have the same for older people?

24. What about old age psychiatry services? Comprehensive –Generalist not specialist CMHTs, day hospitals, clinics Psychiatric wards –some general hospital based Community focused –Because that’s where people are

25. Potential models of general hospital care Standard sector model Outreach from psychiatric wards Enhanced sector model Liaison nurse(s) Liaison psychiatrist(s) Shared care Hospital mental health team –(Clinical psychology)

26. Our survey Between Two Stools: Psychiatric services for older people in general hospitals –UK-wide –Old Age Psychiatrists

27. Services for general hospital patients 2002

28. But… General hospital referrals comprise 25% of the total referrals received by respondents Many respondents gave higher priority to community referrals –perceived as higher risk “The ones in hospital are safe and sound” 5% able to respond in the same working day 68% able to respond in 5 or more working days

29. And… 35% of respondents thought there were specialties who under-referred –in particular, orthopaedics, surgery, neurology Why? –Inability of staff to recognise psychiatric illness –Lack of awareness of psychiatric interventions available –Need to discharge quickly, therefore don’t refer to slow to respond services –Inappropriate referral to geriatricians rather than psychiatric services

30. Barriers to service delivery and development Logistic –Travelling and parking –Workload Financial –No mechanism for measuring and charging –Limited resources –Domiciliary visit fees Organisational –Separate managerial arrangements of many trusts –Different priorities eg community –Lack of appreciation of the scale and impact of the problem Lack of good evidence for the impact Culture and attitudes

31. What has changed?

32. …and what do people want?

33. Non-elective LOS by PCT HRG T01 1999-2005

34. The Case of Need for OPMH Liaison Services j.d.holmes@leeds.ac.uk www.leeds.ac.uk/lpop Liaison Psychiatry for Older People: Directions and Developments, Leeds, 17 May 2007