5. Conorhynchos conirostris (Valenciennes, 1840) ???

6. The Conorhynchos conundrum: investigating the phylogenetic position of an enigmatic neotropical catfish (Siluriformes, incertae sedis). Flávio A. Bockmann Mário C. C. de Pinna John G. Lundberg Carl J. Ferraris Jr. (FAB) Laboratório de Ictiologia de Ribeirão Preto, Dept. Biologia, FFCLRP - Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (MCCP) Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazaré 481, São Paulo, SP, 04263-000, Brazil (JGL) Department of Ichthyology, Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA (CJF) 2944 NE Couch Street, Portland, OR, 97232, USA

7. Conorhynchos conirostris (Valenciennes, 1840)

8. São Francisco River Paraguassu River

9. Conorhynchos glaber Steindachner, 1877

10. São Francisco River Paraguassu River Porto Seguro (Buranhaém River)

11. Pimelodidae: Bergiaria platana

12. Autopalatine articulation Conorhynchos conirostris Pimelodidae: Pimelodus ornatus

14. Fotos de vagabundagem

17. Auchenoglanididae: Auchenoglanis occidentalis Claroteidae: Chrysichthys sp. Ariidae: Arius seemanni Pangasiidae: Pangasius sp.

18. Conorhynchos conirostris

19. 1) Presence of an accessory supraneural.

20. Doradidae: Platydoras sp. Auchenipteridae: Pseudauchenipterus nodosus

21. Auchenipteridae: Ageneiosus sp. Doradidae: Oxydoras sp. 1) Presence of an accessory supraneural.

22. Conorhynchos conirostris 2) Presence of an epioccipital process.

23. Doradidae: Doras sp.

24. 3) Presence of a single and large foramen for the exit of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Conorhynchos conirostrisDoradidae: Oxydoras sp.

25. 4) Presence of the Müllerian ramus. Conorhynchos conirostrisDoradidae: Oxydoras sp.

26. 5) Transformator process of tripus abruptly mesially-oriented. Conorhynchos conirostrisDoradidae: Doras sp.

27. 6) Nuchal plate 3 laterally expanded. Conorhynchos conirostris Doradidae: Doras sp.

28. 7) Mesocoracoid vestigial or absent. Conorhynchos conirostris

29. Autapomorphies for Conorhynchos. 1) Parasphenoid and pterosphenoid largely separated from each other.

30. Autapomorphies for Conorhynchos. 2) Deep fossa for dilatator operculi muscle.

31. Autapomorphies for Conorhynchos. 3) Presence of the pharyngobranchial 2.

32. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -National Science Foundation – All Catfish Species Inventory Project ( NSF DEB 0315963 ). - CNPq; - FAPESP; - Aléssio Datovo and Alexandre C. Ribeiro for helping with the images.