1. The reductionistic journey of the Y-chromosome the last 300 million years Sigbritt Werner Professor in Endocrinology Karolinska Institutet

2. Levels of genus (lat) and gender (eng) chromosomal sex hormonal sex anatomical sex phenotypical sex sexual orientation sexual identity sexual role social sex

5. peptides steroids ions gases acids bases temperature viscosity nutritional status Hormones stimulators Signal substances inhibitors

20. Some gender differences in disease incidence female dominance male dominance 0 thyroid cancer hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism growth hormone prod pituitary tumours ACTH prod pituitary tumours schizophrenia Lupoid hepatitis type 1 P Biliary Cirrhosis Scleroderma Sjögren’s syndrome Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Rheumathoid Arthritis Autoimmune diseases Mb Reiter Mb Bechterew Pelvospondylitis epilepsy migraine subarachnoid hâmorrhage multiple sclerosis stroke pyloric stenosis adrenal aplasia X-transduced recessive diseases Haemophilia Fabry’s syndrome Adrenoleukodystrophia melanoma other skin cancers

23. Applying the sex ratio coefficient (i.e., -11.2422) from Table 1 to these values suggests that the males in Sweden's "least culled" birth cohort (i.e., 1910) lived, on average, 3 (i.e., 11.2422 x 12 x 0.0215 = 2.9) fewer months than expected from the lifespan of females in that cohort as well from historic trends unique to male cohort lifespan. Those in the most "most culled" cohort (i.e., 1784), on the other hand, lived 3.7 more months than was expected from history and from the lifespan of females in that cohort.

25. This improves the mother’s chance of grandchildren since weak sons produce fewer offsprings than weak daughters