1. The History of health care
Unit 1

2. History of Health Care
Introduction Why is it important to understand the history of health care?

3. Introduction You have an infected finger and the doctor orders leeches to treat the infection.
History of Health Care

4. Introduction Is this an ancient or modern treatment? Does it work?
History of Health Care

5. I. Health Care Through Time 4000 BC-3000 BC Primitive Times
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
4000 BC-3000 BC Primitive Times
Illness & disease caused by spirits and demons
Average life span = 20 years

6. I. Health Care Through Time 3000 BC-300 BC Ancient Egyptians
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
3000 BC-300 BC Ancient Egyptians
Believed body was system of channels (ducts)
Bloodletting was used when channels were “blocked”
Average life span = years

7. I. Health Care Through Time 1700 BC-AD 220 Ancient Chinese
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
1700 BC-AD 220 Ancient Chinese
Used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion
Average life span = years

8. I. Health Care Through Time 1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
Hippocrates – Father of Medicine
Developed organized method to observe human body
Recorded Signs & Symptoms

9. I. Health Care Through Time 1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
Hippocrates – Father of Medicine
Created high standard of ethics: “The Hippocratic Oath” used by physicians today.

10. I. Health Care Through Time 1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
Aristotle – Dissected animals; founder of what is known today as anatomy
Avg. life span= years

11. I. Health Care Through Time 753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
First to provide medical care for injured soldiers
Physicians cared for ill people in their homes
Hospitals established in religious institutions

12. I. Health Care Through Time 753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
Began public health & sanitation systems
Aqueducts to carry clean water to cities
Sewers to carry waste away from cities

13. I. Health Care Through Time 753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
Claudius Galen: physician; body is controlled by a balance of fluids (humors), blood, phlegm and bile. Imbalance in fluids lead to illness.
Average life span = years

14. I. Health Care Through Time AD 400- AD 800 Dark Ages
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
AD 400- AD 800 Dark Ages
Prayer & divine intervention used to treat illness & disease
Study of medicine was prohibited
Average life span = years

15. I. Health Care Through Time AD 800- AD 1400 Middle Ages
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
AD 800- AD 1400 Middle Ages
Medical universities were created
Pandemic killed ¾ of the population of Europe & Asia
Arab physicians required to pass exam before getting license to practice
Average life span = years

16. I. Health Care Through Time AD 1350- AD 1650 Renaissance
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
AD AD 1650 Renaissance
Body dissection was performed
Michelangelo & Leonardo da Vinci drew human body
Printing press allowed for distribution of information
First anatomy book published

17. I. Health Care Through Time AD 1350- AD 1650 Renaissance
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
AD AD 1650 Renaissance
Average life span = years

18. I. Health Care Through Time 16th & 17th Centuries
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
16th & 17th Centuries
Cause of diseases still not known
Ambrose Pare: Father of modern surgery
William Harvey: described circulation to and from the heart

19. I. Health Care Through Time 16th & 17th Centuries
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
16th & 17th Centuries
Anton van Leeuwenhoek: invented microscope
Average life span = years

20. I. Health Care Through Time 18th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
18th Century
Gabriel Fahrenheit: invented first mercury thermometer

21. I. Health Care Through Time 18th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
18th Century
Benjamin Franklin: invented bifocals
Edward Jenner: developed vaccination for smallpox

22. I. Health Care Through Time 18th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
18th Century
Average life span = years

23. I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
French barbers: acted as surgeons by extracting teeth, using leeches for treatment and giving enemas

24. I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century 1st Blood transfusion (1818)
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
1st Blood transfusion (1818)

25. I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
Rene Laennec: invented stethoscope (1819)

26. I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
Elizabeth Blackwell: first female physician in the U.S. (1849)

27. I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
Florence Nightingale: Founder of modern nursing;
Began education for nurses (1850’s & 1860’s)

28. I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
Joseph Lister: began use of disinfectants and antiseptics in surgery to prevent infection (1865)

29. I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
Louis Pasteur: “pasteurized” milk to kill bacteria
Created rabies vaccine (1885)

30. I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
Dimitri Ivanofski: discovered viruses (1892)

31. I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
Wilhelm Roentgen: discovered x-rays (1895)

32. I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
19th Century
Average life span = years

33. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Most rapid growth in modern healthcare occurred during this time period
Many diseases were specifically identified, treated and cured

34. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Standards of care were established
Technology is integrated into healthcare and is used in every aspect of medical care today

35. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Carl Landsteiner: Classified ABO blood groups (1901)

36. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Sigmund Freud: formed the basis for psychology & psychiatry (early 1900’s)

37. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Frederick Banting & Charles Best: discovered & used insulin to treat diabetes (1922)

38. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Sir Alexander Fleming: discovered the antibiotic penicillin (1928)

39. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
George Papanicolaou: developed the “pap smear” to detect cervical cancer in females

40. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Jonas Salk: developed the polio vaccine using dead polio virus (1952)

41. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Francis Crick & James Watson: discovered the structure of DNA, our genetic blue- print (1953)

42. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Christian Barnard: Performed 1st heart transplant (1968)

43. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century CAT Scan: developed (1975)
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
CAT Scan: developed (1975)

44. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Louise Brown: first “test- tube” baby, conceived in a laboratory (1978)

45. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): first identified as a disease (1981) HIV (1984)

46. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Ben Carson: First to separate conjoined twins; has pioneered many new procedures (1987)

47. I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
20th Century
Sheep Cloned: “Dolly” the sheep was cloned by Dr. Ian Wilmut (1997)

48. History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century Average life span = years

49. I. Health Care Through Time 21st Century
History of Health Care
I. Health Care Through Time
21st Century
What impact will YOU have on the history of health care?
What will YOU discover?
What will YOU cure?
Average life span = 100 yrs plus?

50. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
Cost Containment

51. II. Trends In Health Care
History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
A. Cost Containment: controlling the rising cost of health care
- Reasons high costs:
Technological advances
Aging population (Rx)
Lawsuits (malpractice Ins.)

52. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care B. Diagnostic Related Groups: DRG’s place a limit on the cost of health care. Example: (?) Surgery $5,000 Limit If hospital costs are less than $5,000 then hospital makes $$, otherwise hospital loses $$

53. II. Trends In Health Care B. Diagnostic Related Groups:
History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
B. Diagnostic Related Groups:
1) Combination of Services: health care facilities shop for services (laboratory, x-ray, etc.) to save $$.

54. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care C. Outpatient Services: Patients receive care and are discharged home without being admitted to the hospital. Examples: Surgical Centers, Physical Therapy, etc.

55. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care D. Energy Conservation: Energy is a large expense for health care facilities. - Energy Efficient Bulbs - Consolidating Work Areas - Recycling

56. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care E. Summary: The quality of health care should not be lowered simply to control costs. - Provider responsibility: provide the best health care while being conscious of costs

57. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care E. Summary: The quality of health care should not be lowered simply to control costs. - Personal responsibility: take preventative measures to avoid or limit injury, illness & disease

58. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
Home Health Care

59. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Home Health Care: Created mainly as a result of DRG’s. History shows that this is not a new concept.

60. II. Trends In Health Care Home Health Care: Services include:
History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
Home Health Care: Services include:
- Nursing care
- Physical/occupational therapies
- Respiratory therapy
- Social services
- Nutrition & food services

61. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
Geriatric Care

62. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Geriatric Care: Care of the elderly. People are living longer.

63. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Geriatric Care: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA) Government Act which requires states to establish competency standards which nursing assistants must meet. (Exam)

64. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Geriatric Care: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA) Requires long-term health care workers to attend continuing education courses

65. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Geriatric Care: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA) Loss of license/certificate can occur if compliance is not maintained. Facility can also be fined and even shut down.

66. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Geriatric Care: Types of Facilities: - Adult day care centers - Retirement communities - Assisted living care centers - Long-term care centers

67. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
Telemedicine

68. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Telemedicine: Involves using technology to provide care Methods: - Computerized (EKG’s) - Remote (robotics) - Video (surgery) - Phone/Fax (Reports)

69. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
Wellness

70. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Wellness: A state of being in optimum health as it relates to physical, mental and social health. Preventative measures: diet, exercise, rest, stress reduction, habit cessation

71. Alternative & Complementary Methods of Health Care
History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
Alternative & Complementary Methods of Health Care

72. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Alternative Medicine: Involves evaluating and treating illness and disease in ways which may differ from current, modern medical treatment; or enhance medical treatment being used.

73. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Alternative Medicine: Practitioners: - Ayurvedic: harmonizing body and mind - Chinese: Acupressure Acupuncture; Life Energy (Chi)

74. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Alternative Medicine: Practitioners: - Chiropractors: energy through nerves; spinal alignment - Homeopaths: body can heal itself with immune system

75. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. Alternative Medicine: Practitioners: - Hypnotist: trance-like state; verbal suggestions; follow - Naturopaths: natural therapies only; fasting, diets, lifestyle changes

76. National Health Care Plan
History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
National Health Care Plan

77. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. National Health Care Plan: Nationalizing health care is being considered as a result of rising health costs.

78. II. Trends In Health Care
History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
A. National Health Care Plan: - Government Health Care - taxes to help pay - Health Care Co-op
- grouping of health care providers which provide care at lower costs

79. II. Trends In Health Care
History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care
A. National Health Care Plan: - Managed Care - employers provide ins. & government helps pay for poor - State-run Health Care
- Each state develops plan

80. History of Health Care
II. Trends In Health Care A. National Health Care Plan: Goal: Health Care For All Potential Drawbacks: - Insured paying for uninsured - Limited choices of providers - Limited care

81. History of Health Care
End of Lecture