# Introduction to Algorithms

## Presentation on theme: "Introduction to Algorithms"— Presentation transcript:

Introduction to Algorithms
Linear Programming My T. UF

New crop problem A farmer:
Has 10 acres to plant in wheat and rye Has Only $1200 to spend Has to plant at least 7 acres Has to get the planting done in 12 hours Each acre of wheat costs$200 and takes an hour to plant and gives $500 profit Each acre of rye costs$100 and takes 2 hours to plant and gives $300 profit Goal: Compute the numbers of acres of each should be planted to maximize profits x: # of wheat acres y: # of rye acres My T. Thai Linear program A linear programming problem is the problem of maximizing or minimizing a linear function subject to linear constraints (equalities and inequalities) E.g. Objective function Constraints My T. Thai Formulate shortest path as an LP Triangle inequalities: At the source vertex: ds = 0 dt is less than weights of all paths from s to t => dt is the maximum value that less than weights of all paths from s to t We have the following: My T. Thai Max Flow Capacity constraints: Conservation constraints: We have the following: My T. Thai Minimum-cost flow Pay cost to transmit flow fuv through edge (u, v) Wish to send d units with the minimized cost My T. Thai Multicommodity flow Has k commodities; ith commodity is defined by a triple Total flow of all commodities through an edge does not exceed its capacity Find a feasible flow My T. Thai Some Notations Minimization (maximization) linear program: the value of objective function is minimized (maximized) Feasible (infeasible) solution: a setting of variables satisfies all the constraints (conflicts at least one constraint) Feasible region: set of feasible solutions Objective value: value of the objective function at a particular point Optimal solution: objective value is maximum over all feasible solutions Optimal objective value: objective value of optimal solution The linear program is infeasible if it has no feasible solutions; otherwise it is feasible The linear program is unbounded if the optimal objective value is infinite My T. Thai Standard form Concise representation: My T. Thai Convert into standard form My T. Thai Example My T. Thai mythai@cise.ufl.edu (negate objective function) (replace equality) (replace x2) (negate constrain and change variable name) My T. Thai Geometry of Linear Programming Theorem 1 Feasible region of an LP is convex Proof: Feasible region is the intersection of half spaces defined by the constraints. Each half space is convex. My T. Thai Example My T. Thai Feasibility and Infeasibility Simple solution: try all vertices of polyhedron  running time:  How to refine this approach? My T. Thai Simplex method Start off from a vertex, which is called a basic feasible solution Iteratively move along an edge of the polyhedron to another vertex toward the direction of optimization For each move, need to make sure that the objective function is not decreased Observation: when moving from a vertex to another vertex, an inequality achieves equality My T. Thai Questions Arise My T. Thai Slack form All inequality constraints are non-negativity constraints Convert by introducing slack variables nonbasic variables Basic variables My T. Thai Concise representation of slack form z: the value of the objective function N: the set of indices of the nonbasic variables (|N| = n) B: the set of indices of the basic variables (|B| = m) v: an optional constant term in the objective function A tuple (N, B, A, b, c, v) represents the slack form maximize My T. Thai Simplex algorithm Basic solution: all nonbasic variables equals 0 Each iteration converts one slack form into an equivalent slack form s.t. the objective value is not decreased Choose a nonbasic variable xe (entering variable) such that its increase makes the objective value increase Keeping all constraint satisfied, raise the variable raise it until some basic variable xl (leaving variable) becomes 0 Exchange the roles of that basic variable and the chosen nonbasic variable My T. Thai Example My T. Thai Substitute x_2 = x_3 = 0 to the slack variables, we have: My T. Thai My T. Thai Cycling SIMPLEX may run forever if the slack forms at two different iterations of SIMPLEX are identical (cycling phenomenon) We need specific rule of picking the entering and leaving variables There are quite a few methods to prevent cycling. The one we just used is called Bland’s pivoting rule My T. Thai Other Pivoting Rules My T. Thai Time Complexity My T. Thai Duality Given a primal problem: The dual is: P: min cTx subject to Ax ≥ b, x ≥ 0 The dual is: D: max bTy subject to ATy ≤ c, y ≥ 0 My T. Thai An Example My T. Thai Weak Duality Theorem Weak duality Theorem: Let x and y be the feasible solutions for P and D respectively, then: Proof: Follows immediately from the constraints My T. Thai Weak Duality Theorem This theorem is very useful Suppose there is a feasible solution y to D. Then any feasible solution of P has value lower bounded by bTy. This means that if P has a feasible solution, then it has an optimal solution Reversing argument is also true Therefore, if both P and D have feasible solutions, then both must have an optimal solution. My T. Thai Hidden Message Strong Duality Theorem: If the primal P has an optimal solution x* then the dual D has an optimal solution y* such that: cTx* = bTy* My T. Thai Complementary Slackness Theorem: Let x and y be primal and dual feasible solutions respectively. Then x and y are both optimal iff two of the following conditions are satisfied: (ATy – c)j xj = 0 for all j = 1…n (Ax – b)i yi = 0 for all i = 1…m My T. Thai Proof of Complementary Slackness As in the proof of the weak duality theorem, we have: cTx ≥(ATy)Tx = yTAx ≥ yTb (1) From the strong duality theorem, we have: (2) (3) My T. Thai Proof (cont) Note that and We have: x and y optimal  (2) and (3) hold  both sums (4) and (5) are zero  all terms in both sums are zero (?)  Complementary slackness holds (4) (5) My T. Thai Why do we care? It’s an easy way to check whether a pair of primal/dual feasible solutions are optimal Given one optimal solution, complementary slackness makes it easy to find the optimal solution of the dual problem May provide a simpler way to solve the primal My T. Thai Some examples Solve this system: My T. Thai Min-Max Relations What is a role of LP-duality Max-flow and Min-Cut My T. Thai Max Flow in a Network Definition: Given a directed graph G=(V,E) with two distinguished nodes, source s and sink t, a positive capacity function c: E → R+, find the maximum amount of flow that can be sent from s to t, subject to: Capacity constraint: for each arc (i,j), the flow sent through (i,j), fij bounded by its capacity cij Flow conservation: at each node i, other than s and t, the total flow into i should equal to the total flow out of i My T. Thai An Example 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 4 3 4 3 2 4 2 1 t s 1 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 5 My T. Thai Formulate Max Flow as an LP Capacity constraints: 0 ≤ fij ≤ cij for all (i,j) Conservation constraints: We have the following: My T. Thai LP Formulation (cont) 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 4 3 4 3 2 4 3 2 1 t 1 s 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 4 3 4 3 2 4 3 2 1 t 1 s 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 5 My T. Thai LP Formulation (cont) My T. Thai Min Cut Capacity of any s-t cut is an upper bound on any feasible flow If the capacity of an s-t cut is equal to the value of a maximum flow, then that cut is a minimum cut My T. Thai Max Flow and Min Cut My T. Thai Solutions of IP Consider: Let (d*,p*) be the optimal solution to this IP. Then: ps* = 1 and pt* = 0. So define X = {pi | pi = 1} and$\bar X$= {pi | pi = 0}. Then we can find the s-t cut dij* =1. So for i in X and j in$\bar X\$, define dij = 1, otherwise dij = 0. Then the object function is equal to the minimum s-t cut My T. Thai

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