1. TÜRKİYE’NİN OFİYOLİTLERİ VE OFİYOLİTLİ KARIŞIKLARI: GENEL BAKIŞ OPHIOLITES AND OPHIOLITIC MÉLANGES OF TURKEY: A REVIEW Ali YILMAZ 1, Hüseyin YILMAZ 2 1.C.Ü. Mühendislik Fakültesi, Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, 58140, Sivas, Türkiye. 2C.Ü. Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 58140, Sivas,Türkiye.

4. Upper unit Lower unit PREALPINE OPHIOLITES AND MELANGES OPHIOLITES Almacık, Elekdağ, Ç ele, Ç angal-K ü re (Yilmaz and Şeng ö r, 1985; Şeng ö r et al.,1994, Usta ö mer and Robertson, 1997; Okay et al.,2006). Ç ele meta-ophiolite-Serpentinized peridodite, metagabbro- metadiabase and metalava (Yiğitbaş and Elmas, 1997). K ü re meta-ophiolite-oceanic ridge + SSZ type basalts (Ustaömer and Robertson, 1997). Suprasubduction marginal basin ( Ç akır et al., 2006). Erzincan (Koçyiğit, 1990)-Lesser Caucasus (Zakariadze et al.,1983,1990). Geological age Pre-ordovician, at least pre-middle Jurassic Cambrian and/or pre-cambrian (Chen et al., 2002). OPHIOLITIC MELANGES Karakaya Complex : Upper unit Lower unit Rift model (Koçyiğit, 1987;Genç and Yılmaz, 1995) Subduction-accretion model (Tekeli, 1981; Pickett and Robertson, 1996; Okay, 2000). Geological age : Permian-Triassic, at least pre-Jurassic Evolution of the Paleotethys Geological map and cross-section of the Almacık Dağ area (Gedik and Aksay, 2002; Pehlivan et al., 2002).

6. ALPINE OPHIOLITES AND MELANGES North- Northeast Anatolian Alpine Ophiolitic Belt Northern subbelt Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan-Lesser Caucasus Orhaneli (Bursa) Ophiolite: Dismembered ophiolitic sequences peridotites, cumulates and plagiogranites, diabase dykes: Island-arc tholeiites (IAT)(Sarıfakıoğlu et al., 2006, 2008). HP/LT metamorphism (Okay and Whitney, 2010). NW Anatolia metamorphic sole beneath ophiolitic slab Ar/Ar dating 101±4 Ma (Harris et al.,1994). Tavşanlı 93±2 Ma ( Ö nen and Hall, 2000). Ankara area, N and E type MORB (G ö kten and Floyd, 2007). Refahiye area, SSZ type ophiolites (Rice et al., 2009). Ophiolitic melanges related subduction Late Cretaceous Geological map and cross-section of the southern part of the Bursa Province (after Okay, 1996 and MTA, 2002).

7. Tokat- Sivas area, N of Akyurt village. Ophiolitic melange Tokat- Sivas a rea, NE of Karaçayır, Central Anatolian Massif and tectonically overlying ophiolitic melange Geological map and cross-section of the area between Reşadiye (Tokat) and Uzunyayla (Sivas) area (Yılmaz, 1982; Yılmaz et al., 1993a).

8. Paleotectono-stratigraphic sequence of the area between Tokat and Sivas Tokat- Sivas area, N of Beydilli i village. Metamorphic slices similar to the Tokat group and Central Anatolian Massifs. Erzincan-Refahiye, N of Alakilise. Glaucophanic schist along tectonic contact between green schist and Peridodite

9. Paleotectono-stratigraphic sequence of the area between Tokat and Sivas Erzincan- Refahiye, N of Alakilise village. Serpentinite along tectonic contact between green schists and Peridodite nappe

10. A profile along a geotraverse between Tokat and Sivas area (Yılmaz and Yılmaz, 2004).

11. Erzurum- Hınıs, Akdağ Metamorphics Erzurum- Hınıs, Akdağ Metamorphics and tectonically overlying diabase dayk complex. Geological map and cross-section of the area between Pasinler and Hınıs (Erzurum) (Yılmaz et al., 1990, 2010).

12. Erzurum, Palandöken Mountains Akdağ Metamorphics and tectonically overlying melange and peridodite nappe. Erzurum, Palandöken Mountains Akdağ Metamorphics and tectonically overlying melange and peridodite nappe. S of Erzurum- Palandöken Mountains, Eocene Olistostrome. Geological map and cross-section of the area between Pasinler and Hınıs (Erzurum) (Yılmaz et al., 1990, 2010).

14. Southern subbelt Marmaris, Hadim, Aladağlar, Tecer, Divriği-Erzurum, Kağızman. Marmaris ophiolites represent tectonically transported units of the northern subbelt (Brunn et al., 1971; Ricou et al.,1979; Ç apan, 1981; Moix et al., 2008; Okay, 2008). K-Ar dates of metamorphic sole 104±4 Ma (Thuziat et al., 1981; Dilek and Mooves,1990). Age of melange: Cenomanian-Santonian ( Ö zkaya, 1982), In general Late Cretaceous. Conclusion For Ophiolites: Setting: MORB type and SSZ type ophiolites; Age: Jurassic-Cretaceous For Ophiolitic melanges related subduction Late Cretaceous Evolution of Northern branch of the Neotethys Double subduction with northward polarities.

15. Geological map and cross-section of the area east of Lake Van; AIP: Anatolian-Iranian Platform (Şenel, 1987; Yılmaz et al., 2010)

17. South and Southeastern Anatolian Alpine Ophiolitic Belt Antalya (Brunn,1974; Robertson,1993), Ordered ophiolitic sequences(and related subduction melanges). Tectonites, cumulates, isotropic gabbro, sheeted dykes volcanics and associated rocks (Juteau,1973; Robertson and Woodcocle,1982; Bağcı et al.,2006). MORB Type Oceanic ridges-Antalya (Juteau et al.,1977). SSZ type Suprasubduction zone- Antalya (Robertson,1993; Bağcı et al.,2002,2006). Geological ages Antalya ultramaphic cumulate 122 Ma (?) Conclusion For ophiolites-MORB type and SSZ type Age: Jurassic-Cretaceous For melanges related subduction Age:Late Cretaceous (Robertson,1994). Evolution of the southern branch of Neotethys Double subduction with northward polarities. Tectonic units and their relationships in the Antalya area (Yılmaz et al., 1981a, 1984; Şenel, 1997; MTA, 2002).

18. Kahramanmaraş- Göksun, Binboğa Mountains, Keban- Malatya unit. Geological map and cross-section of the area between Uzunyayla and Kahramanmaraş (Tarhan, 1982,1985; Perinçek and Kozlu, 1984; Yılmaz et al., 1993a).

19. South and Southeastern Anatolian Alpine Ophiolitic Belt Mersin ophiolite (Parlak et al.,1995,1997,2002), Kızıldağ-G ö ksun ophiolite (Tarhan,1982,1986; Yılmaz et al.,1993a), İspendere-K ö m ü rhan (Yazgan,1983), Gevaş and Cilo (Yılmaz et al.,1993b). Ordered ophiolitic sequences (and related subduction melanges). Tectonites, cumulates, isotropic gabbro, sheeted dykes volcanics and associated rocks (Juteau,1973; Robertson and Woodcocle,1982; Bağcı et al.,2006). MORB type ophilites oceanic ridges: Kızıldağ (Erendil,1983). Ko ç ali melange related subduction zone (Hall,1976;Perin ç ek,1979; Şeng ö r and Yılmaz,1981). Geological ages Mersin Ophiolite, initial detachment of the oceanic crust 93.4±2 Ma (Parlak et al.,1995). Age of the ophiolites :90-145 Ma (Dilek and Moores,1990). Paleontological-jurassic-cretaceous Age of melanges: Late Cretaceous (Tinkler et al.,1981; Tekeli,1983; Yılmaz et al.,1993 a,b). Conclusion For ophiolites-MORB type and SSZ type age: Jurassic- Cretaceous For melanges related subduction Late Cretaceous Robertson,1994; Parlak et al.,1996;Pilet et al.,1999). Evolution of the southern branch of Neotethys Double subduction with northward polarities. Geological map and cross-section of the area between Bingöl and Silvan (Diyarbakır) (MTA, 2002 and new observations)

20. Bitlis- Gevaş area, A tectonic contact between Gevaş Ophiolite and Bitlis Massif. Bitlis, Tütü Village Kampos tepe. Bitlis Massif and Triassic volcano-sedimentary level. Geological map and cross-section of the area between Bingöl and Silvan (Diyarbakır) (MTA, 2002 and new observations)