1. Fundamental of Chemistry Fourth Edition Frank Brescia John Arents Herbert Meislich Amos Turk The City College of the City University of New York Academic Press (1980) A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Javanovich, Publishers New York London Toronto Sidney San Francisco No Buku 540.1/Bre/f

2. Some Fundamental Tools of Chemistry Scientific Methods for Chemists Measurement and the International System of Units Significant Figures in Measurement Conversion Factors Precision and Accuracy Pure Substances Self-test Additional Problems

3. Objects Objects are most of items whose shape or construction has some particular function or some recognizeble identity, for example: A chair to sit on A cup to drink from A book to read A rock that is interesting to look at

4. Materials (Bahan) Slivers of wood is no longer a chair Granules of porcelain is no longer a cup A paper is no longer a book Coarse sand is no longer a rock Wood, porcelain, paper, sand – you no longer call them objects; They are materials

5. Matter and Substance Materials are samples of matter, which is simply the stuff of which the universe consists. a substance is a material that has a definite composition. Sugar is a sample of substance The chemists often thinks of a substance as being a pure material.

6. Chemistry Chemistry is the study of the properties and transformation of materials

7. Material Classification Shredded books (1) Shredded newspapers (2) Shredded milk cartons (3) (1) (2) and (3) come from same materials: paper They all can burn (properties) (1) (2) and (3) are combustible matter

8. Material Classification Porcelaine Sand They are non combustible matter (properties)

9. Scientific Method Steps: “Pure”/unprejudiced observation Hypothesis Theory Law

10. Element (Unsur) Kayu dipanaskan  tersisa arang = karbon Kertas dipanaskan  tersisa arang = karbon Gula dipanaskan  tersisa arang = karbon Karbon dibakar lagi  tetap karbon Karbon tak dapat diuraikan lagi (nondecomposable) Substance yang tak dapat diuraikan lagi disebut element (unsur)

11. Element (Unsur) Name Background Uranium (mengambil nama Planet Uranus) Mercury (mengambil nama Planet Mercury) Curium (  Marie Curie) Einsteinium (  Albert Einstein) Fermium (  Enrico Fermi) Francium (  France) Germanium (  Germany) Polonium (  Poland)

12. Element (Unsur) Name Background Berkelium (Berkeley, California) Yttrium, Ytterbium, Erbium (Ytterby, Sweden) Europium (  Europe) Xenon (  Greek: xenos, a stranger) Hydrogen (  Greek: hydro, water; and genes, producing)

13. Simbol Element (Unsur) H = Hydrogen He = Helium C = Carbon Ca = Calcium Cr = Chrom = Chromium N = Nitrogen Na = Natrium = English: Sodium Ne = Neon O = Oxygen F = Fluor Fe = Ferrum = English: Iron = Besi

14. Simbol Element Mg = Magnesium B = Boron = Borium Ba = Barium Cl = Chlorin = Chlor = Chlorium Al = Alumunium Ag = Argentum S = Sulfur Si = Silicon = Silisium P = Phosphor K = Kalium = English : Potassium Dst tolong dipelajari Daftar Periodik Unsur-Unsur

15. Measurement and The International System of Units Metric System  French Revolution in 1799  International System of Units (Systeme International d’Unites – SI) at the Metric Convention in Paris in 1875 QuantityUnitSymbol Lengthmeterm Masskilogramkg Timeseconds TemperaturekelvinK Amount of substancemolemol Luminous intensitycandelacd

16. SI Rule The beaker contains 5 g of mercury - TRUE The beaker contains 5 g. of mercury – FALSE The beaker contains 5 gs of mercury - FALSE

17. SI prefix Multiple or fractionPrefixSymbol 10 12 teraT 10 9 gigaG 10 6 megaM 10 3 kilok 10 -1 decid 10 -2 centic 10 -3 millim 10 -6 micro  10 -9 nanon 10 -12 picop 10 -15 femtof 10 -18 attoa

18. Conversion of some common units 1 angstrom = 1 A 0 = 10 -10 m = 10 -8 cm = 10 -1 nm 1 in = 0.0254 m = 2.54 cm 1 mi = 1.609 km 1 m 3 = 10 3 L 1 L = 10 3 mL = 1.057 quart (U.S., liquid) 1 ft 3 (U.S.) = 28.32 L 1 kg = 2.205 lb

19. Length Platinum – Iridium bar at the International Bureau