1. The Market Revolution North

2. Study Guide: Identifications
Transportation, Market & Industrial Revolutions
Putting Out system
Immigration and Scapegoat
Status of artisan
Rhode Island and Waltham System
Cult of Domesticity
Purity Crusade
Universal White Male suffrage
2nd Great Awakening

3. Study Guide: Questions
What marked the increasing industrialization in the US economy between 1815 – 1860?
How and why did inequalities increase among the rich, the middle class and the working class?

4. Changes that allowed for the Industrial Revolution
Transportation Revolution
Improvements in transportation made that transformation possible
Federal, state and corporate investments in transportation improvements
Roads, Canals, Railroads
Market Revolution
Transition from domestic markets to for distant markets
Industrial Revolution
Domestic hand labor to machine and factory output
Immigration
Cheap and exploitable labor

5. Impact of Transportation Revolution
Made the transition to the market society possible
Reduction in time and money it took to move heavy goods.
Growth of Cities
Exports increased 6 fold and imports tripled
Urban population grew
The north and west developed into a self-sustaining internal market
Rural and Urban Market exchange
Transformation brought a dramatic reduction in time and money it took to move
heavy goods.
The cities that prospered were those with access to the expanding network
of cheap transport on steamboats, canals, and RR.
Exports increased 6 fold and imports tripled.
The north and west developed into a self-sustaining internal market
The network opened up the rural interior for the purchase of farm commodities by city merchants and the sale of finished good bys urban importers and manufacturers.
The transportation revolution triggered a surge in urban growth.
A huge influx of immigrants after the mid 1840s and advances in the
steam engines provided the cheap labor and power that made cities
manufacturing centers.

6. Immigration Political turmoil and Famine brought Massive immigration
Irish Potato Famine
2.5 Million (30% of Ireland’s population)
German immigration
4.2 Million
Provided Cheap/Exploitable Labor
Used to scapegoat political, economic & social issues
A surge of immigrants swelled the size of the cities after the 1830s, at Mid century most of NY was foreign born and in all thee port cities of the northeast immigrants dominated the manufacturing work force, most were Irish and German.
(7 million over the last 3 centuries) Irish helped did canal systems, lay RR track, pave streets and lay water lines. Subject initially to anti-catholic sentiment initially they were not particularly resented B/c their labor was needed, until the massive immigration following the famine
The economic and political upheavals in Europe during the 1840s spurred mass migration. Catholic peasants from Ireland, dominated by their protestant English land lords eked out a living as tenant farmers. The potato famine between brought another 1.5 million into America (1 million died of starvation). The Irish received the worst and lowest paying jobs as rag-pickers, porters, day laborers and unskilled factory hands. The Women became the laundresses and maids for the Urban middle class.
Germans came to America to escape poor harvests and political turmoil, far more Germans had capital to purchase land when they arrived (4.2 million )
The influx of immigrants after the mid-1840s and advances in the steam engines provided the cheap labor and power that made cities manufacturing centers. It was the final ingredient in the expansion of Industrialization during the mid 1800’s. The largest cities in the early 19th C were the Atlantic Ports: NY, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Boston.

7. “The Bog Trotters”
Cartoonists often chose Irish over Germans as subjects of their political commentary.
An insulting name for Irish peasants, the term created an image of Irish peasants as carefree imbeciles. This depiction also suggested that they dances, drank and were irresponsible
Class project: imagine you are in New York in 1855 you are unemployed and have a family to take care of. You blame your unemployment situation on new immigrants.

8. The Poor House from Galway
“The Irish fill our prisons, our poor houses, scratch a convict or a pauper, and the chances are that you tickle the skin of an Irish Catholic. Putting them on a boat and sending them home would end crime in this country”
The Chicago Post wrote,

9. The Great Fear of the Period That Uncle Sam is Swallowed by Foreigners
The Problem Solved

10. Thomas Nast Cartoon, 1870 Expresses the worry that the Irish Catholics threatened American Freedom

11. Early Industry The northeast led Americans industrial revolution
Household and small workshop production
Putting-out system
Local merchants furnished or put out raw materials to rural households and paid at a piece rate for the labor that converted those raw materials into manufacture products. The supplying merchant then marketed and sold these goods.
The northeast led Americans industrial revolution. In 1815 it had the largest cities, the most developed capital markets, the technological skills of artisans and the greatest supply of available labor
The household and the small workshop were the sites of manufacturing in Jefferson’s America. Wider markets for manufacturing began to develop in the late 18th century with the Putting-out system. Local merchants furnished or put out raw materials to rural households and paid at a piece rate for the labor that converted those raw materials into manufacture products. The supplying merchant then marketed and sold these goods.
In the cities and larger towns most manufacturing was done by artisans, skilled craftsmen who were also known as mechanics. They worked in their own shops with their own tools and produced their own goods. Status of Artisan, skilled workers, independence, prestige, quality of work.

12. Artisan Status Status of Artisan: skilled workers Independence
Owned tools of production
Owned shops
Managed time and produce
skilled workers
Independence
prestige

13. Shoe Makers Daguerreotype of shoemakers
Shoemakers, like those shown in this early-nineteenth-century daguerreotype, were among the first skilled craftspeople to organize into unions in order to bargain collectively with employers. They lost their first contest in a New York court, but eventually won a case in Massachusetts that provided the precedent for unionization among skilled workers.

14. Industrial Espionage Slater’s Rhode Island System
Water powered spinning machine
Richard Arkwright had invented a water power machine that spun yarn and thread
Samuel Slater - Memorized machine & 1790 Imported the plans from England to Patuxet, Rhode Island
The Rhode Island System
The countryside factory towns
Labor of Farmer’s daughters
Mill Villages
The American textile industry originated in industrial espionage. Richard Arkwright in 1769 had invented a water power machine that spun yarn and thread. One of his apprentices, Samuel Slater memorized the structure and mechanics and brought it from England to Patuxet, Rhode Island in 1790.
Originally Slater’s mill did satisfy the requirements of supplementing landed families incomes. Soon mills sprung up over the countryside with the mill owners building whole villages surrounded by company owned farmland they rented to husbands and fathers of their mill workers.
By the 1820s he got rid of the outworkers and bought power looms that transformed the villages into disciplined self-contained factory towns that turned raw cotton into finished cloth. Landless impoverished families soon took their place and created the first Mill town.
He asked plant managers questions and made secret drawings of the machines he saw. He returned to Boston to established the Boston manufacturing company or Boston Associates in Built the first Mill in Waltham Massachusetts and expanded into other towns near Boston during the 1820s .
Throughout the 1820 and 1830s most mill hands remained young farm daughters. Wages were little over a dollar per week after deductions from room ad board. It was more than they could have earned doing piece-work in the home or as domestics and gave them a sense of financial independence.
Though initially recruited the daughters of new England farmers, Irish immigrant labor soon replaced them. By the 1830s and 1840s, the northern United States was experiencing a full blown market revolution. Cities and towns provided financing, retailing and manufacturing while commercial farms traded food for what cities made.

15. Waltham System Lowell’s Waltham System Boston Associates Co. 1813
Machines that turned raw cotton into finished cloth
Francis Cabot Lowell Toured factories in England in 1811
Boston Associates Co. 1813
Fully mechanized
By the 1830s - Unskilled, female labor

16. Daguerreotype of a young mill girl, c. 1850, Massachusetts
This young girl probably worked at a mill in Waltham or Lowell during the late 1840s. Her swollen and rough hands contrast with her youth, neat dress, and carefully tied, beribboned hair. Her hands suggest that she worked, as did most 12- and 13-year-olds, as a Warper, straightening the strands of cotton or wool as they entered the looms.

17. Middlesex Company Woolen mills 1848
Middlesex Company Woolen Mills, Lowell, Massachusetts, c. 1848, artist unknown
In the 1830s an unknown artist painted Middlesex Company Woolen Mills, portraying the hulking mass of the mill buildings. The company organized all the manufacturing processes at a single location, in Lowell, Massachusetts, on the Merrimack River. (Museum of American Textile History)
Mill women worked 6dys/wk from dawn to dusk for low wages. Between women at Lowell turned out to protest the wage reductions in demonstrations that were the largest strikes in American History up until that time

18. Urban Industry
Industrial Revolution and the Widening gap between the rich and the poor
By 1835 cities were serving commercial agriculture and factory towns that produced for largely rural domestic market.
Creation of the Urban working class
In the cities there was little concern for creating a classless industrial society.
Industrial Revolution and the Widening gap between the rich and the poor
By 1835 cities were serving commercial agriculture and factory towns that produced for largely rural domestic market. The market revolution in the country-side had produced the beginnings of industry and the greatest period of growth in US history.
Urban Industry & the creation of the Urban working class
In the cities there was little concern for creating a classless industrial society.
The vastly wealthy men of finance, a new middle class that bought and sold an ever growing range of consumer goods lived together in communities that unabashedly recognized the reality of social class.

19. Class Hierarchy The richest men Growing middle class
importers and exporters and took control of banks and insurance companies and made great fortunes in urban real estate
Growing middle class
Commercial Class
Wholesale and retail merchants,
lawyers, salesmen, auctioneers, bookkeepers and accountants
clerks on the bottom creating a white-collar class to cater to the new emerging consumer society.
The richest men were the seaport merchants who carried on as importers and exporters and took control of banks and insurance companies and made great fortunes in urban real estate. Below the old mercantile elite were the growing middle class of wholesale and retail merchants, master craftsmen who had transformed themselves into manufacturers, and an army of lawyers, salesmen, auctioneers, clerks, bookkeepers and accountants who took care of the paperwork for a new market society. The commercial class had its own stratification with clerks on the bottom creating a white-collar class to cater to the new emerging consumer society.

20. Middle Class Ideal Consumer goods Symbols of their middle class status
Notions of gentility
distinction between manual and non manual work
Family group daguerreotype, 1852
This daguerreotype, taken about 1852, reveals the little things so important to etching a middle-class family's social status: curtains; a wall hanging; a piano with scrolled legs; a small desk with elegantly curved legs; a pet; ladies posed in nonproductive but "improving" activities (music, reading); and a young man seemingly staring into space--and perhaps pondering how to pay for it all. (George Eastman House)

21. “The Hands” Producers of consumer goods The “hands” Growth in Demand
Growth in Working class
Shoemaking, tailoring and the building trade were divided into skilled and semiskilled segments and farmed out to subcontractors who could turn a profit by cutting labor costs
those people who produced the consumer goods (the “hands”) were growing more numerous. While textiles had become mechanized by the 1850s, most clothes, shoes, brooms, hats, books, furniture and other goods that were available in country stores and city shops were made by hand. City merchants and master craftsmen met the growing demand by hiring some workers.
Shoemaking, tailoring and the building trade were divided into skilled and semiskilled segments and farmed out to subcontractors who could turn a profit by cutting labor costs. This led to the creation of an urban working class.

22. Urban Industry New York: Ready made clothing trade
Cheap manufactured cloth
Cheap, female labor
Southern Markets
“negro cottons”
Western Markets
Dungarees & hickory shirts
By 1815 the wealthy bought tailor made clothing while everyone else wore clothes made at home. The first clothing sweat shops developed in New York, the first shoe sweat shops developed in Massachusetts.
In the 1820s the availability of cheap manufactured cloth and an expanding pool of cheap female labor, with the creation of the southern and western markets, transformed New York city into the in to the center of the national market in ready made clothes. The first bid market was “Negro Cottons”

23. Rising Standard of Living
After 1815
per capita income doubled
living standards rose
Houses: larger, better furnished, heated.
Food: more plentiful and varied
The cost:
Half of all adult white males without land
wealth had become more concentrated.
In 1800 the richest 10 percent of Americans owned 40-50% of the national wealth, by the 1850s they owned 70%. In the cities they owned over 80%.
Growing inequality and new Classes
As the economy expanded after 1815 per capita income doubled, living standards for most Americans improved. Houses for those who could afford them became larger, better furnished and heated. Food was more plentiful and varied and factory made consumer goods made life easier and more comfortable.
The cost:
Half of all adult white males were property less, wealth had become more concentrated and extremes of wealth and poverty eroded the Jeffersonian ideal of the republic.
In 1800 the richest 10 percent of Americans owned 40-50% of the national wealth, by the 1850s they owned 70%. In the cities they owned over 80%.

24. Making of the middle Class
Polar opposites: Separate Spheres
Women’s sphere – a moral issue
Democratization of “The Lady”
Class status
Staying at home, devoting self to family and developing feminine traits

25. Denial of status of lady
Immigrant women
Poor farm women
Black women
Poor native born women
Factory women
Denial of status of lady also meant the denial of the status of “respectable”
Disrespecting non-ladies acceptable
Targets of exploitation

26. Redefinition of female character
Appropriate to elevated status
Home idealized as bastion of feminine values
Piety, morality, affection, self-sacrifice
Iconography of Motherhood
Elevated importance & significance of the home

27. Evangelical Crusades
Early 19th C ministers bolstered doctrine of separate spheres
Clerical endorsement of female moral superiority in exchange for women’s activism
Decline of clerical authority in society
Opposed forces that seemed to act against women’s interests
Materialism
Intemperance
Licentiousness

28. Cult of Domesticity The separation of work and home
New sense of class-consciousness.
Middle class fathers left for their jobs while mothers governed households.
Reduction in size of families
1820s ministers and female writers elevated the family role of middle class women into a cult of domesticity

29. Cult of Domesticity
Biological difference determined separate social roles for men and women.
Men:
strong, aggressive and ambitious, intelligent
Place in business and politics.
Women:
Kind, pure, emotional, moral
Place to preserve religion and morality in the home and family
Cult of Domesticity
The separation of work and home constituted the first step in the evolving sense of class-consciousness.
Middle class fathers left for their jobs while mothers governed households. Homes became places of material comfort for the rising middle class.
Families became smaller, children were no longer an economic asset as they had been as workers on the family farm.
Beginning in the 1820s ministers and female writers elevated the family role of middle class women into a cult of domesticity.
These idealized conception of womanhood insisted that the biological difference of Gods natural order, determined separate social roles for men and women.
Men: Characterized as strong, aggressive and ambitious, men naturally belonged in the competitive world of business and politics.
Women’s task was to preserve religion and morality in the home and family. They possessed moral purity necessary for rearing virtuous children and preserving the home as a refuge from the outside world.

30. Purity Crusade
Traditionally: both men and women wee sexual beings, women weaker willed, lustful and licentious and insatiable
Purity Crusade: women lacked sexual feeling, lust and carnality became a part of men’s sphere
Etiquette manuals counseled to deter male advances

31. Women’s other institution
Frances Trollope (England) 1830s
“I have never seen a country where the religion had so strong a hold upon the women, or slighter upon the men”
3:2 converts women
Women took an active role in religion
Men continued to control the boundaries

32. Lowered Standard of Living
First Slums appeared in the mid 1800s
Huge influx of immigrants and creation of exploitable labor force
Overcrowded Housing
Contaminated water supplies
Lack of Sewage
Disease and high mortality rates
Cholera and Typhus
The first Slums appeared in the mid 1800s due to huge influx of immigrants and creation of exploitable labor force. Small, Flimsy, wooden structures, often crammed into a back alley, housed the working poor in cramped, fetid conditions. Backyard privies supplemented chamber pots that overflowed in heavy rain and often contaminated private wells, the source of drinking water. Garbage and animal waste accumulated on streets, scavenged by packs of roving hogs. The overcrowded and unsanitary conditions led to disease and high mortality rates (Cholera and Typhus) Manufacturing towns and cities (coal) led to extreme pollution and illness.

33. Professional Medicine & Women’s Sexuality
Women were Asexual beings
Defined by their sex & sexual roles, yet did not desire it
Dr Alcott, “Women, as is well known, in a natural state…seldom if ever makes any of those advances, which clearly indicates sexual desire and for this very plain reason, she does not feel them.”
Only “low” women suffered from the indignity of sexual desire
Long periods of abstinence proper
Masturbation damaged future offspring, and caused “mania” and “idiocy” on the guilty party

34. Middle & Upper class invalids
Chronic invalidism among women
Middle class culture idealized female debility
1800’s doctors came close the defining femaleness as an illness itself

35. Five Points District Five Points District, artist unknown, c. 1829
Working-class neighborhoods like the infamous Five Points District in New York, shown in this anonymous 1829 picture, were filthy, unhealthy, and crime-ridden. Reformers sought to help by changing workers' habits and morals, but seldom addressed their economic plight.

36. Twin Revolutions Universal White Male Suffrage Movement
Suffrage extended to white males ( ’s)
By the 1800s race and gender began to replace wealth and status as the basis for defining the limits of political participation
By the 1800s race and gender began to replace wealth and status as the basis for defining the limits of political participation During the 1820s there began 2 democratic revolutions that led to increased empowerment for more white men in America.
Property requirements for voting and office holding, the prevalence of appointed over elected officials and overrepresentation of older and wealthier regions in the state legislature came under increasing attack after 1800 and were eliminated by the 1820’s. Do to popular resistance individual states began lowering or eliminating property requirements to vote or hold office. There was overwhelming demand that all white men be treated equally. Political opportunities began expanding for white males, while shrinking for women and minorities.

37. Social Changes Extension of white male suffrage
Development of common schools
By 1850 ½ women gained literacy
Evangelicalism – democratized salvation
Development of the Abolition movement out of the evangelical revivals
Abolition movement split into the Women’s movement

38. Twin Revolutions Second Great Awakening (1800-1840)
“Salvation open to all” reinforced the legitimacy of “one man, one vote”
Women: provided a welcomed release from “being treated like beasts of burden and drudges of domineering masters”
Blacks: advocated spiritual and secular equality
Platform to directly challenge slavery
Evangelical revivals, a religious reaction against formalism and elitism of protestant churches
Baptists and Methodists were the largest religious denominations by the 1820’s, they reshaped religion to fit the needs and values of ordinary Americans. Evangelical Christianity emphasized personal, heartfelt experience that would produce a spiritual rebirth. Salvation no longer followed the Calvinist doctrine of individual predestination but ordinary people could actively choose salvation.

39. New York “Foreigners and aliens to our government and laws, strangers to our institutions are permitted to flock to this land and in a few years are endowed with all the privileges of citizens, but we native born Americans…are most of us shut out.”
Women and men were specifically denied the ballot as it was extended to white men, advocates of greater democratization explicitly argued that only white males had the rational intelligence and love of liberty necessary to be entrusted with political rights. Women were to weak and emotional, blacks too lazy and lascivious. White egalitarians simultaneously erected new distinctions based on race and gender that were supposedly natural and immutable/ Personal liberties were thus guarded over by all white men, whose equality ultimately rested on the assumptions of their shared political superiority over all others.
African Americans protested the political discrimination In New York 1837, arguing that “foreigners and aliens to the government and laws , strangers to our institutions, are permitted to flock to this land and in a few years are endowed with all the privileges of citizens, but we native born Americans….are most of us shut out.”