1. Renewing the Sectional Struggle
Chapter 18 APUSH

2. The Popular Sovereignty Panacea 1848
Post Mexican War & Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Northern anti-slavery advocates backed Wilmot Proviso
South worried about slavery in western areas
Whig and Democratic Parties split along
North/South line

3. Free Soil Party WHY? Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!
Industrialists who wanted higher protective tariffs
“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.
Anti-slavery members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.
Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories! (Supported Wilmot Proviso)
WHY?

4. The 1848 Presidential Election Results√
Hero of Buena Vista
Father of “popular sovereignty”
Free Soil

5. GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848
John A. Sutter

6. California Gold Rush, 1849
49ers

7. California Gold Fever
Huge numbers of people flocking to California caused problems
Increase in crime
When the territorial government failed to protect its citizens, people turned to vigilante justice
Behind the scenes, President Taylor encourages California to draft a Constitution that excludes slavery and then apply for admission to the U.S. as a state

8. Sectional Balance and the Underground Railroad

9. Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850
California statehood.
Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.
Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:
Personal liberty laws

10. South in 1850 SOUTH HAPPY Zachary Taylor as president
Majority on Supreme Court
Outnumbered in the House
Equal in the Senate
Cotton expanding- profits high
BUT SAD BECAUSE…
15 free and 15 slave states
California admission is a problem
New Mexico and Utah want admission as free state
Texas claims part of New Mexico
Northerners want to end slavery in Washington DC
Runaway slaves assisted by Underground RR

11. Impact of the Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman- rescues over 300 slaves
In 1850, the South was losing roughly 1,000 slaves per year through the Underground Railroad and runaways
Led the South to push for a new, and harsher Fugitive Slave Law
Northerners refusing to follow the Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

12. Twilight of the Senatorial Giants
Clay’s last great compromise. Urged both sides to make concessions, and the North allow a tougher fugitive-slave law Aided by Senator Stephen A. Douglas (Illinois)
John C. Calhoun’s championed the South in his last great speech (two Presidents, each with a veto, approved of Clay’s purpose, but said they did not provide enough safeguards for the rights of Southern states.
Uphold Clay’s measures - urged concessions like the Fugitive Slave Law. Why worry because the good Lord had decreed through geography and climate that slavery won’t last in new Mexican territories (bankers of North liked this as they won’t lose investments in South)
Webster’s Seventh of March Speech turned the tide in the North toward compromise.
Henry Clay
John C Calhoun
Daniel Webster

13. Twilight of the Senatorial Giants
Daniel Webster
Slavery is evil but disunion is a worse evil.
He despised abolitionists and never joined their ranks

14. Deadlock and Danger on Capitol Hill
Young Guard of North speaks in the Senate- more interested in purging and purifying the nation than patching it up and preserving it
William Seward - strongly antislavery - appeal to a “higher law” than the Constitution
Zachary Taylor
President
I’m with Seward -
I’m vetoing any
Compromise!

15. Compromise of 1850 (over the land acquired specifically from the Mexican War).
Texas would relinquish the land in dispute but, in compensation, be given 10 million dollars -- money it would use to pay off its debt to Mexico.
The territories of New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah would be organized without mention of slavery. (The decision would be made by the territories' inhabitants later, when they applied for statehood.)
Regarding Washington, the slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia, although slavery would still be permitted.
Finally, California would be admitted as a free state.
To pacify slave-state politicians, who would have objected to the imbalance created by adding another free state, the Fugitive Slave Act was passed.

17. Luckily….
Taylor dies
Millard Fillmore -
(lawyer from NY)
takes over

18. Millard Fillmore
Fillmore, president due to Zachary Taylor’s death, supported the Compromise of 1850 and saw it as the “final settlement” of the question of slavery

19. Compromise of 1850
What are the concessions to both sides?

20. Temporary Peace
Who got the best deal?
Fugitive Slave Law

21. FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
the Fugitive Slave Act was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850
It required citizens to assist in the recovery of fugitive slaves.
It denied a fugitive's right to a jury trial. (Cases would instead be handled by special commisioners -- commisioners who would be paid $5 if an alleged fugitive were released and $10 if he or she were sent away with the claimant.)
The act called for changes in filing for a claim, making the process easier for slaveowners.
Also, according to the act, there would be more federal officials responsible for enforcing the law.

22. Effects of Fugitive Slave Act
For slaves attempting to build lives in the North, the new law was disaster.
Many left their homes and fled to Canada.
During the next ten years, an estimated 20,000 blacks moved to the neighboring country.
For Harriet Jacobs, a fugitive living in New York, passage of the law was "the beginning of a reign of terror to the colored population." She stayed put, even after learning that slave catchers were hired to track her down.
Anthony Burns, a fugitive living in Boston, was one of many who were captured and returned to slavery.
Free blacks, too, were captured and sent to the South. With no legal right to plead their cases, they were completely defenseless.

23. FURTHER EFFECTS. . .
Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act made abolitionists all the more resolved to put an end to slavery.
The Underground Railroad became more active, reaching its peak between 1850 and 1860.
The act also brought the subject of slavery before the nation.
Many who had previously been ambivalent about slavery now took a definitive stance against the institution.

24. Was the Compromise a success?
The Compromise of 1850 accomplished what it set out to do -- it kept the nation united -- but the solution was only temporary. Over the following decade the country's citizens became further divided over the issue of slavery. The rift would continue to grow until the nation itself divided.

25. Why Not Begin The Civil War in the 1850s?
South - happy to since Northerners not following laws (Fugitive) and promises
North - time to expand and create more wealth and population
Time for moral strength of the North to build

26. Defeat and Doom for the Whigs UPCOMING ELECTION OF 1852
Democrats - Franklin Pierce- enemyless, inconspicuous, pro-Southern northerner. Endorsed Compromise 1850 and Fugitive Slave Law
Whigs - didn’t pick Webster or Fillmore. Instead went with military guy- Gen Winfield Scott. OK with Compromise of 1850
Whigs split and begin to die in this election.
End of national parties and rise of purely sectional parties.
RIP Whig Party - kept Union together through electoral strength in South and through leaders like Webster and Clay
Henry Clay and Daniel Webster both die during the 1852 campaign.

27. 1852 Presidential Election
√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

28. 1852 Election Results

29. Franklin Pierce Manifest Destiny Nicaragua - William Walker
British challenged Monroe Doctrine

30. Expansionist Young America in the 1850s
American influence in Latin America in the 1840s and 1850s

31. American Influence in Latin America
Treaty between the U.S. and New Granada (Colombia) in Americans get the right to transit across the isthmus of Panama in return for maintaining the neutrality of the route.
1855- first “transcontinental railroad” completed
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty- U.S. and Britain agree that neither country would fortify or seek control over any future waterway
William Walker tries to gain control of Nicaragua, but the countries of Central America ally together to overthrow him, and he dies before a firing squad

32. CUBA -
Sugar mills
Ostend Manifesto - $120 million offered and if Spain refuses then US would be justified in taking Cuba (Monroe Doctrine)
Northern free soilers furious
Pierce recalls the Ostend
Manifesto

33. Spreading American influence in Asia
Treaty of Wanghia- U.S. and China
“Most favored nation” status- U.S. gets all trading terms given to other powers
“Extraterritoriality”- Americans accused of crimes in China to be tried by American officials, not Chinese courts
Secured by Caleb Cushing
Trade with China greatly increases, and new opportunities for missionaries

34. Japan Japan had been largely insulated from the outside world
July Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Edo (Tokyo) Bay
Promises to return in one year to get Chinese reply to request for free trade and friendly relations
Returns in February 1854 with more ships, gives the Japanese gifts
Treaty of Kanagawa signed on March 31, 1854
Proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors
American coaling rights in Japan
Establishment of consular (diplomatic) relations
May have only been a foot in the door, but it blasts Japanese isolation wide open

36. Pacific Railroad and Gadsden Purchase
Transportation problems after Mexican War
California and Oregon isolated
RR promoters - where run the line? Where end it? Run it south of Mexican border?
Gadsden Purchase 1853
Where will that RR go?
Northerners argue that if running the railroad through organized territory is the argument, why not organize Nebraska?

37. Douglas and Kansas-Nebraska
Slice Territory of Nebraska into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska
Decision on slavery by popular sovereignty (assumption is that Kansas would become slave and Nebraska free
Doing this would require overturning the Missouri Compromise
Why do this? Personal gain for Douglas, angling for the presidency in 1856?
Douglas fails to see that hundreds of thousands of northerners are going to detest Douglas’ position on what they consider a moral issue.

38. Kansas-Nebraska Act
Repeals the Missouri Compromise, and indirectly the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
Will shatter the Democrats
Leads to the emergence of the Republican Party
Dissatisfied Whigs, Democrats who opposed Kansas-Nebraska, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings
SECTIONAL PARTIES HAVE EMERGED