1. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Jeremiah 10:12 12He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heavens by his discretion.

2. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Replicons Timothy G. Standish, Ph. D.

3. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish The Information Catch-22 “With only poor copying fidelity, a primitive system could carry little genetic information without L [the mutation rate] becoming unbearably large, and how a primitive system could then improve its fidelity and also evolve into a sexual system with crossover beggars the imagination.” Hoyle F. 1987. "Mathematics of Evolution", Acorn Enterprises: Memphis TN, 1999, p 20

4. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish The Cell Lifecycle The cell lifecycle is well defined and can be divided into four stages: –Gap 1 (G1) - The growth phase in which most cells are found most of the time –Synthesis (S) - During which new DNA is synthesized –Gap 2 (G2) - No transcription or translation occurs and final preparations for division are made –Mitosis - Cell division Once Synthesis is initiated, the cell is committed to division Thus initiation of DNA replication is a carefully controlled process in cells

5. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish G1 M M G2 S S The Cell Lifecycle Gap 1 - Doubling of cell size. Regular cellular activities. Transcription and translation etc. Synthesis of DNA - Regular cell activities cease and a copy of all nuclear DNA is made Gap 2 - Final preparation for division Mitosis - Cell division

6. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Stages of Replication Replication can be divided into three stages: 1 Initiation - When DNA is initially split into two strands and polymerization of new DNA is started 2 Elongation - When DNA is polymerized 3 Termination - When the new strands of DNA are completed and some finishing touches may be put on the DNA Both elongation and termination may involve proof reading of the DNA ensuring that mutations are not incorporated into newly formed DNA strands

7. ©2001 Timothy G. StandishInitiation Initiation starts at specific DNA sequences called origins (Ori C = origin in E. coli chromosomes) Long linear chromosomes have many origins First the origin melts (splits into two single strands of DNA) Next primers are added Finally DNA polymerase recognizes the primers and starts to polymerize DNA 5’ to 3’ away from the primers

8. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Initiation - Forming the Replication Eye Or Bubble 3’5’ 3’5’ 3’ Origin of Replication 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ Replication eye or replication bubble

9. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Large Linear Chromosomes Have Many Origins Of Replication 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ Origins of Replication

10. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Cell Wall Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Bacteria Have Circular Chromosomes Termination of Replication Origin of Replication Chromosome

11. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Replication End of replication Two chromosomes Original Chromosome Start of replication Theta (  ) structure Replication goes in both directions Mid replication

12. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Binary Fission Revisited

13. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Various Replication Strategies D-loop Rolling circle

14. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish F - bacteria 2 Conjugation F plasmid Mating Bridge F + bacteria F plasmid

15. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish 2 Conjugation F - bacteria F plasmid F + bacteria F plasmid Mating Bridge

16. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish 2 Conjugation F - bacteria F plasmid F + bacteria F plasmid Mating Bridge

17. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish 2 Conjugation F - bacteria F plasmid F + bacteria F plasmid Mating Bridge

18. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish 2 Conjugation F - bacteria F plasmid F + bacteria F plasmid F plasmid Mating Bridge

19. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Transfer of genetic material Hfr Recombination F + bacteriaF - bacteria F plasmid Integration Hfr cell

20. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Hfr Recombination F + bacteriaF - bacteria Crossing over Transfer of genetic material Interruption of conjugation Hfr cellF plasmid Integration

21. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish Hfr Recombination F + bacteria Hfr cellF plasmid Integration F - bacteria Recombinant Bacteria

22. ©2001 Timothy G. Standish