1. Transcription and Translation

2. GENE EXPRESSION - How the genes are expressed is a function of the protein produced.
DNA (gene)
Ribosome
tRNA & rRNA
Protein
m RNA
Trait (expression)

3. There are two processes that make this happen…
Transcription
Translation
mRNA strand is built from the code on the DNA strand (gene)
mRNA strand is used at the ribosome to help join amino acids to form a protein.

4. Let’s watch a video of transcription…

5. Requirements for Transcription
a gene segment on the DNA
many free floating RNA nucleotides
the enzyme RNA polymerase
PREDICT: What do you think the RNA polymerase will do?

6. Steps in transcription1
DNA double helix unwinds at the area of the DNA where the gene is located 2
Weak hydrogen bonds break between the 2 DNA strands 3
Free floating RNA nucleotides bond with complimentary DNA nucleotides to form a strand of mRNA 4
When the mRNA is completely formed, it breaks away from the DNA. The DNA strands reconnect and the mRNA is free to travel to the cytoplasm
These stages are catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase

7. Each triplet code on a DNA molecule is transcribed into a triplet codon on the mRNA molecule.
If the DNA codes for a polypeptide is
T-A-C—C-C-G—T-A-G—C-T-T—A-C-T
What would the codons on the complimentary strand of mRNA codons look like?
A-U-G – G-G-C – A-U-C – G-A-A – U-G-A
DNA codes:
T-A-C—C-A-T—C-C-C—A-A-A—A-C-T
mRNA codons:
A-U-G – G-U-A – G-G-G – U-U-U – U-G-A

8. Think…think…..think….
What does each letter in the code or codon stand for represent?
That’s right….a nucleotide
What do the particular codes and codons represent?
Amino Acids….good job!
Because each base triplet on the mRNA stands for an amino acid, each mRNA molecule must contain how many times the number of nucleotides as the number of amino acids making up the protein product.
3X….Wow! You guys are on a roll! 

9. Engage your BRAIN….The intersection of science and math
An mRNA strand with 66 nucleotides codes for a polypeptide how many amino acids in length?
22…you all are Math whizzes
A protein 300 amino acid units in length was synthesized from an mRNA strand how many nucleotides in length?
900…Woo Hoo!
A DNA strand 700 nucleotides in length will be transcribed into an mRNA strand how many nucleotides in length.
700…Ah! This one is tricky!

10. How do we read mRNA codons?
There are 4 different bases in DNA (A, C, G, T) which can combine in different triplets to form 64 possible triplet codes (43).
When these codes are transcribed into mRNA, there are 64 triplet codons which can be formed.
Only 20 amino acids are used so sometimes more than one codon represents an amino acid.
We can use the chart to the right to determine the exact sequence of amino acids that will make up a protein.

11. different codons (using A, G, C and U in triplets)
How many different mRNA codons are there on the chart?
43 = 4 x 4 x 4 = 64
different codons (using A, G, C and U in triplets)
How many different amino acids are there?
Only 20
Which amino acids only have ONE triplet code assigned to them?
Methionine and Trytophan
With the exception of Methionine and Tryptophan,
more than one nucleotide triplet codes for each amino acid.
Give an example of an amino acid which has more than one codon.
valine, alanine, isoleucine, threonine, and many more
What do you notice about the codons that code for the same amino acid?
They are very similar and usually only the last nitrogen base is different.

12. Special Codons Start Codon
AUG-codes for the amino acid methionine. It signals the ribosome that it is the beginning of the mRNA sequence.
Stop Codons
UAA, UAG, UGA- Don’t code for an amino acid!!!! Signal the ribosome that it is the end of the mRNA sequence and triggers the release of the mRNA from the ribosome.

13. What is the DNA code for the mRNA start codon, methionine?
TAC
What are the DNA codes for the stop codons UAA, UAG and UGA?
ATT, ATC, ACT
After transcription has taken place, the mRNA moves out of the nucleus to link with a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Translation will take place here…..

14. Let’s Watch a video on Translation…

15. Requirements for Translation
m RNA carries the DNA code as “codons”
ribosomes 2 rRNA+ protein subunits--site of protein synthesis
tRNA carry the amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome to be joined to form the protein
Abundant amino acids in the cytoplasm and all necessary enzymes

16. Steps in Translation
mRNA joins with the ribosome (in cytoplasm or near the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
tRNA (with an amino acid attached) joins the mRNA codon to ANTI-codon (The anticodon on the tRNA is complimentary to the codon on the mRNA.)
a second tRNA with attached amino acid joins the mRNA
a peptide bond forms between the first two amino acids
the first tRNA is released from the mRNA amino acids stay bonded to each other
the mRNA slides through the ribosome to expose the next codon
the next tRNA with amino acid joins the mRNA
Sequence is repeated Repeat steps 4-8 until a stop codon is reached
mRNA and protein is released from the ribosome

19. The Final Products of Protein Synthesis
protein or polypeptide: functional or non-functional sequence of amino acids
Many times a protein must be modified after it is translated. This is done in the cytoplasm, ER, Golgi
Some proteins are coded for by a single gene. For example Insulin (later broken into two segments)
Sometimes proteins are composed of different genes hemoglobin (2 genes/4 segments)
The difference between different proteins is in the number, types and sequences of amino acids.

20. Let’s Watch a video to sum up Transcription and Translation…