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Story Lines and Myths in 20 th Century Immigration Historiography
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Opening Comments – Where are the immigrants? Scholarship and autobiography John Higham, STRANGERS IN THE LAND Mark I Choate, EMIGRANT NATION; THE MAKING OF ITALY ABROAD African Americans
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Pre 1790|1790|1820|1880|19
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Colonial Period
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Early National Period
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Middle 19 th Century
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Immigration High Tide The “New Immigrants”
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Mid 20 th Century
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Late 20 th Century
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The General Theory – Push/Pull Push
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Pull
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The Mudsill Myth – “La Miseria” Difficulties in discerning differences between those who left and those who stayed behind Emigration is a positively selective process Motives for emigrating – Advancing the family economy – Avoiding conscription or jail Social strata of repatriates – Benestante, Americani, and new Americani
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Social Stratification in Franza – 1900 & 1960 Joseph Lopreato, Peasants No More: Social Class and Social Change in an Underdeveloped Society (1967)
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The fallacy of using schooling as a measure of an immigrant’s worth Schooling in 19 th and early 20 th century Italy and America – The significance of this for assessing the character and resources of emigrants? – In the U.S. the Common School provided 6 to 8 years of instruction to students – In Italy village schools offered 3 years [at best]
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American Responses to Immigration Open Door – Motivations Humanitarian Economic Restriction – Motivations Economic Nativist
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History of Nativism
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A Case Study of Pull Immigration The Tirocchi of Providence, RI A Classic Chain Migration
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Origins - Guarcino
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Madame Tirocchi {Anna}
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Madame Tirocchi her Butler Exchange Shop – “A & L Tirocchi” ca 1911
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M. Tirocchi with Shop Girls
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The new home of “Tirocchi Gowns” 514 Broadway - 1915
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Laura Tirocchi-Cella and Dr. Cella
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Eugenia Tirocchi – Grocerier and Landlord
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The Tirocchi Men
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Frank Tirocchi – padrone, pharmacy clerk, trucker
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Tirocchi Cousins – sand and gravel merchants, concrete block manufactures, construction contractors, tire recapping plant, auto service stations, dairy plant and home delivery service, commercial laundry, etc.
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Federico – missionary, parish priest
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Ellis Island – The symbol 1982 – 1924 – 20+ Million immigrants pass through Ellis Island – Peak year – 1907 – 1,004,756 pass through the station – 560, 971 enter in 1921 – 1921 Quota Law set nationality limits for each nationality to 3% of their number in the 1910 U. S. population and total annual limit of 358,000 – 1924 Quota Law moved the “reference date” to 1890 and reduced annual quota to 164,000
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The Ellis Island Myth – “our name was changed by officials at Ellis Island” Time spent and nature of the processing of immigrants at Ellis Island – Ship passenger lists – Eligibility screening – The “six second physical” – Utility of the Myth
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Americanization/Assimilation - Theories Racial implications of the “new immigrant” concept Red Scare and the intensity of Americanization efforts
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Melting Pot or Salad bowl
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The Melting Pot at Ford
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Immigrants’ responses to assimilation Family economic strategies – Old or new world locus Schooling for children Economic choices Language and citizenship decisions – “language loyalty”
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The Myth of the Marginal Man
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Americanization – Institutions Schools Settlement Houses Industry Public Libraries Religion Ethnic Press
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George F. Johnson and the Square Deal New employees at Endicott Johnson were given a copy of a pamphlet called "An EJ Worker's First Lesson in the Square Deal." It read, in part: "To the new EJ worker: You have now joined the happy family in the square deal. If you are faithful, loyal, and reliable, you will earn a good living under fair conditions. You are indeed a part of the company. Remember that you are cared for when sick, medical and hospital services are yours, privileges of many kinds are yours. Your friend, George F. Johnson."
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Religion The American “Irish” Church and Immigrants “National Parishes” – Protestant evangelicals – Italians – Trusteeism – Other Roman Catholic groups – “The Polish National Catholic Church -1897” Ownership of Church property Parish government in secular matters by parishioners Parishioner authority in assignment of Priests Appointment of Polish Bishops in the U.S. – participation of clergy and Laity
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Schools – Public and Parochial
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Chazy Central Rural School
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Home Economics
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Physical Education
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Industrial Education
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Adult Education
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