1. AP Review Terrestrial & Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity

2. Food Webs Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Decomposers/ detrivores 10% rule (possible calculation question)

3. Indicator Species Keystone Species Foundation Species K-strategist R-strategist

4. A: Represents the biotic potential of the species B: Shows how the population overshoots the carrying capacity C: Represents the logistic growth D: Represents linear growth E: Carrying capacity- the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem.

5. Human Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle Withdrawal ◦ Water cannot recharge at same rate (Ogallala Aquifer) ◦ Salinization (Aral Sea) Increased Flooding ◦ Urbanization “concrete jungle” Deforestation ◦ More runoff

6. Cycles Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus Which does not have an atmospheric component to it’s cycle?

7. Carbon Cycle

8. Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle Increase of CO2 into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels Clear cutting

9. Nitrogen Cycle

10. Human Impacts on the Nitrogen Cycle Agriculture ◦ Increased Nitrogen from fertilizers ◦ Increased Nitrogen from animal waste ◦ Air Pollution  NO2

11. Sulfur Cycle

12. Human Impacts on the Sulfur cycle Mining!!!

13. Phosphorus Cycle

14. Human Impacts on the Phosphorus Cycle Remove Phosphorus from the Earth (fertilizer production) Add Phosphorus to the water (fertilizer runoff) Reduce tropical forest phosphorus by clear cutting

15. Biodiversity Types of Biodiversity ◦ Genetic Diversity ◦ Species Diversity Natural selection Adaptations Evolution

16. Extinction Mass Extinctions causes ◦ Climate change ◦ Major events such as volcanoes or asteroids ◦ Humans!!

17. Steps to Extinction Rare Threatened Endangered Extinct (local, ecological & global)

18. Ways that Humans contribute to extinctions Habitat Destruction Invasive Species Pollution Population Overharvesting Climate Change

19. Invasive Species Zebra Mussels Cane Toads

20. Biomes Tropical Rainforest Decidious Forest Coniferous Forest Taiga (Boreal) Forest Savannah Tundra Desert

21. Chaparral (temperate grassland) These are coastal areas. Winters are mild & wet, w/ summers being long, hot, & dry.

22. Chaparral Chaparral has a moderate climate but its dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires. Figure 5-18

23. Lentic zones

24. Loetic Zones

25. Aquifers

26. Human Impacts on Aquifers Withdrawing too much water – doesn’t allow adequate recharge Building cities over recharge areas

27. Fig. 14-13a, p. 317 Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Large losses of water through evaporation Provides water for drinking Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Risk of failure and devastating downstream flooding Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Downstream flooding is reduced Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted

28. The Colorado River So many diversions, water often does not reach the ocean

29. Wetlands Swamps, marshes, peat bogs, prairie potholes Filter and degrade pollutants. Filter and degrade pollutants. Reduce flooding and erosion by absorbing slowly releasing overflows. Reduce flooding and erosion by absorbing slowly releasing overflows. Help replenish stream flows during dry periods. Help replenish stream flows during dry periods. Help recharge ground aquifers. Help recharge ground aquifers. Provide economic resources and recreation. Provide economic resources and recreation.

30. Tragedy of the Commons Over-use of public lands Often seen with fishing, but can apply to grazing, hunting and other public uses of land This is a HUGE concept on the test ◦ Many previous multiple choices ◦ A few FRQs have been on this

31. Measurements of Biodiversity Species Diversity Species Evenness Species Richness Higher species diversity leads to higher sustainability of an ecosystem

32. Laws Endangered Species Act