1. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 8 Minerals

2. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Objectives Of the minerals discussed: –Identify at least two food sources of each mineral –State one or more functions of each mineral Describe recommended method of avoiding mineral deficiencies

3. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Facts Human body made up of specific chemical elements Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96 percent of body weight Remaining elements and minerals represent 4 percent of body weight Essential for good health

4. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Minerals Inorganic elements necessary to build tissues, regulate body fluids, and assist in various body functions Found in all body tissues Do not provide energy by themselves –But contribute to production of energy (continues)

5. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Minerals Enriched foods –Foods to which nutrients have been added to improve nutritional value Usually B vitamins and iron

6. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Classification Major minerals –Required in amounts greater than 100 mg per day Trace minerals –Required in amounts smaller than 100 mg per day

7. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Electrolytes Ions –Electrically charged atoms Resulting from mineral salts dissolved in water –Cations Positively charged –Anions Negatively charged –Must be balanced within body –Also known as electrolytes (continues)

8. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Electrolytes Maintain body’s fluid balance Contribute to electrical balance Assist in transmission of nerve impulses and contraction of muscles Help regulate body’s acid-base balance

9. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Stop and Share Consider the following question: –What is the best way to receive an adequate intake of minerals? (continues)

10. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Stop and Share Balanced diet –Only safe way to include minerals in amounts necessary to maintain health

11. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Toxicity Occurs when concentrated forms of minerals taken regularly over time Excessive amount of one mineral can lead to deficiency of another mineral Changes in nearly all tissues may result Concentrated minerals should be used only if prescribed

12. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Major Minerals Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Sodium (Na) Chloride (Cl) Magnesium (Mg) Sulfur (S)

13. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium More in human body than any other mineral In combination with phosphorus, gives strength and hardness to bones and teeth Bones provide storage (continues)

14. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Necessary for the following: –Normal nerve and muscle action –Blood clotting –Heart function –Cell metabolism

15. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Regulation Hormonal system regulates delivery to cells Parathyroid glands release hormone telling kidneys to retrieve calcium before it is excreted when blood calcium levels drop (continues)

16. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Regulation Hormone works with calcitriol –Causing increased release of calcium from bones by stimulating activity of osteoclasts Both actions increase blood calcium levels (continues)

17. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Regulation Every cell needs calcium Normal blood calcium levels maintained even if intake poor Bones become increasingly fragile as calcium withdrawn Osteoporosis may result from years of low calcium intake (continues)

18. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Regulation Osteoblasts increase bone mass if blood calcium level high until age 30 to 35 Bone mass remains stable in women with adequate consumption of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D –Until menopause

19. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Sources Milk and milk products Dark green leafy vegetables –Oxalic acid in some vegetables prevents calcium from being absorbed (continues)

20. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Sources Fiber intake of more than 35 g per day causes calcium to bind with phytates –Also limits absorption –Phytates Phosphorus compounds found in some high-fiber cereals

21. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Absorption Items that enhance absorption: –Vitamin D –Calcium-to-phosphorus ratio that includes no more phosphorus than calcium –Presence of lactose Items that retard absorption: –Lack of weight-bearing exercise

22. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Requirements AgeAmount 0 to 6 months210 mg 6 to 12 months270 mg 1 to 3 years500 mg 4 to 8 years800 mg 9 to 18 years1,300 mg 19 to 50 years1,000 mg 51 to 70+ years1,200 mg (continues)

23. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Requirements AgeAmount Pregnant women: 14 to 18 years1,300 mg 19 to 50 years1,000 mg Lactating women: Same as non-lactating women of same age Source: Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements © 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences, Courtesy of the National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.

24. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Supplements Calcium carbonate has highest concentration of bioavailable calcium Absorbed most efficiently when consumed in doses of 500 mg Check for United States Pharmacopeia (USP)- approved products –Unlikely to contain lead

25. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Deficiency Rickets results in poorly formed bone structure –Causes bowed legs, “pigeon breast,” enlarged wrists or ankles, and stunted growth “Adult rickets” causes bones to become soft –Also known as osteomalacia (continues)

26. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Deficiency Osteoporosis causes brittle bones Tetany results from insufficient calcium in blood –Characterized by involuntary muscle movement

27. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Calcium Excess Excessive intake may do the following: –Cause constipation –Cause kidney stones –Inhibit absorption of iron and zinc

28. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Phosphorus Constituent of all body cells Stored in bones Necessary for the following: –Formation of strong, rigid bones and teeth –Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins –Proper acid-base balance –Effective action of several B vitamins

29. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Phosphorus Sources Best sources: –Milk, cheese, meats, poultry, and fish Other sources: –Cereals, legumes, nuts, and soft drinks

30. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Phosphorus Absorption Increased in presence of vitamin D Excessive use of antacids can negatively affect absorption

31. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Phosphorus Deficiency Rare Symptoms: –Bone demineralization –Fatigue –Anorexia

32. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Potassium Found primarily in intracellular fluid Essential with sodium for fluid balance and osmosis Maintains fluid level within cell Necessary for the following: –Transmitting nerve impulses and muscle contractions

33. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Potassium Sources Fruits: –Especially melons, oranges, bananas, and peaches Vegetables: –Brussels sprouts, mushrooms, potatoes, tomatoes, winter squash, lima beans, and carrots

34. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Potassium Deficiency Hypokalemia Caused by diarrhea, vomiting, diabetic acidosis, severe malnutrition, or excessive use of laxatives or diuretics Symptoms: –Nausea, anorexia, fatigue, muscle weakness, and heart abnormalities

35. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Potassium Excess Hyperkalemia Caused by dehydration, renal failure, or excessive intake Can result in cardiac failure

36. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sodium Primarily necessary for the following: –Control of fluid balance in body Maintains acid-base balance Participates in transmission of nerve impulses essential for normal muscle function

37. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sodium Sources Table salt contains 40 percent –One teaspoon contains 2,000 mg Naturally available in animal foods DRI of 1,500 mg Tolerable upper limit of 5,800 mg –Easily exceeded by general population

38. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sodium Deficiency Caused by severe vomiting, diarrhea, and heavy perspiration –Leading to dehydration Can upset acid-base balance –Causing acidosis or alkalosis

39. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sodium Excess May cause edema –Resulting in hypertension Associated with hypertension and congestive heart failure Treatment: –Sodium-restricted diet Diets below 1 g rarely prescribed

40. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chloride Essential for the following: –Maintenance of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance Found in hydrochloric acid, cerebrospinal fluid, and muscle and nerve tissue Helps blood carry carbon dioxide to lungs Necessary during immune responses when WBCs attack foreign cells (continues)

41. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chloride Found almost exclusively in table salt or in foods containing sodium chloride Deficiency rare Can occur with severe vomiting, diarrhea, excessive use of diuretics, and alkalosis

42. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Magnesium Vital to both hard and soft body tissues Essential for metabolism Regulates nerve and muscle function Plays role in blood-clotting process

43. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Magnesium Sources Found primarily in plant foods Green leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, some fruits (e.g., avocados, bananas), and milk in sufficient quantities

44. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Magnesium Deficiency Unknown among people on normal diets Symptoms: –Nausea and mental, emotional, and muscular disorders

45. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sulfur Necessary to all body tissue and for metabolism Contributes to characteristic odor of burning hair and tissue Component of some amino acids Found in protein-rich foods Both amount required by human body and deficiency unknown

46. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Trace Minerals Iron (Fe) Iodine (I) Zinc (Zn) Selenium (Se) Copper (Cu) Manganese (Mn) Fluoride (F) Chromium (Cr) Molybdenum (Mo)

47. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Iron Delivers oxygen to body tissues Component of hemoglobin Component of myoglobin –Protein compound in muscles that provides oxygen to cells Used by enzymes involved in making amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters

48. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Iron Sources Heme iron: –Meat, poultry, and fish –Absorbed more than twice as efficiently as nonheme iron Nonheme iron: –Whole-grain cereals, enriched grain products, vegetables, fruits, eggs, meat, fish, and poultry

49. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Iron Requirements RDA doubles during pregnancy –Difficult to meet by diet alone –Iron supplement commonly prescribed Increased requirements during infancy and teenage years Vitamin C enhances absorption

50. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Iron Deficiency Caused by insufficient intake, malabsorption, lack of stomach acid, or excessive blood loss Iron-deficiency anemia –Most common nutrient deficiency worldwide Symptoms: –Fatigue, weakness, irritability, shortness of breath, pale skin, and spoon-shaped fingernails

51. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Iron Excess Hemochromatosis –Results from inborn error of metabolism that causes excessive absorption of iron –Untreated, can damage liver, spleen, and heart –To control iron buildup, must give blood on regular basis

52. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Iodine Component of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T 4 ), and triiodothyronine (T 3 ) Necessary for the following: –Normal functioning of thyroid gland Determines rate of metabolism Sources: –Iodized salt, seafood, and some plant foods grown in soil bordering sea (continues)

53. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Iodine Increased requirements during pregnancy and lactation Deficiencies: –Cause decrease in thyroxine and triiodothyronine –Gland grows, forming lump on neck Goiter (continues)

54. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Iodine Myxedema –Condition of hypothyroidism in adults Cretinism –Low thyroid in child –Physical and mental development delayed

55. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Zinc Cofactor for more than 300 enzymes Essential for the following: –Growth –Wound-healing –Taste acuity –Glucose tolerance –Mobilization of vitamin A within body (continues)

56. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Zinc Sources: –Meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, wheat germ, and legumes Increased requirements during pregnancy and lactation Deficiency symptoms: –Decreased appetite and taste acuity, delayed growth, dwarfism, hypogonadism, poor wound-healing, anemia, acne-like rash, and impaired immune response

57. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Selenium Constituent of most body tissues Concentrated in liver, kidneys, and heart Component of enzyme that acts as antioxidant –Protects cells against oxidation –Spares vitamin E (continues)

58. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Selenium Sources: –Seafood, kidney, liver, and muscle meats High doses toxic –Causes vomiting, loss of hair and nails, and skin lesions

59. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Copper In all tissues –Heaviest concentration in liver, kidneys, muscles, and brain Helps with the following: –Formation of hemoglobin –Transportation of iron to bone marrow for RBC formation –Production of energy

60. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Copper Sources Organ meats, shellfish, legumes, nuts, cocoa, whole-grain cereals, and human milk

61. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Copper Deficiency Rare, but may occur in: –Malabsorption conditions –Gross protein deficiency –Premature infants –Clients on long-term parenteral nutrition –People taking excess zinc supplements May cause anemia, bone demineralization, and impaired growth

62. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Copper Excess Highly toxic Wilson’s disease –Inherited condition causing accumulation of copper in liver, brain, kidneys, and cornea

63. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Manganese Constituent of several enzymes involved in metabolism Important in bone formation Sources: –Whole grains, teas, vegetables, and fruits Deficiency or toxicity from ingestion unknown Inhalation linked to neurological problems

64. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Fluoride Increases resistance to dental caries –May strengthen teeth and bones Sources: –Fluoridated water, fish, and tea and commercially prepared foods with fluoridated water Deficiency can result in increased tooth decay Excess can cause permanent discoloration or mottling of children’s teeth

65. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chromium Associated with glucose and lipid metabolism Levels decrease with age except in lungs –Where it accumulates Sources: –Meat, mushrooms, nuts, yeast, organ meats, and wheat germ Deficiency related to disturbances in glucose metabolism

66. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Molybdenum Constituent of enzymes Considered to play role in metabolism Sources: –Milk, liver, legumes, and cereals No deficiencies noted Excess inhibits copper absorption

67. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Conclusion Megadoses of minerals dangerous Minerals necessary to promote growth and regulate body processes Minerals originate in soil and water and ingested via food and drink Deficiencies can result in severe conditions Excess can be toxic