1. Morphological Process
Affixation
=> prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix
Non-affixal derivation/inflection
=>Compounding
=> Reduplication
=> Alternation
=> Suppletion

2. Infix (Tagalog) tulong ‘help’ => tumulong ‘helped’ lipad ‘fly’
=> lumipad ‘flew’
kain ‘eat’
=> kumain ‘ate’

3. uwi ‘return’
=> umuwi ‘returned’ ([ʔumuwi])
gradwet ‘graduate’
=> gumradwet or grumadwet ‘graduated’
Infix = [-um-] after first consonant

4. Circumfix (Indonesian)
Root Derived Form
baik ‘good’ kebaikan ‘goodness’
bersih ‘clean’ kebersihan ‘cleanliness’
cantik ‘beautiful’ kecantikan ‘beauty’
sulit ‘difficult’ kesulitan ‘difficulty’
=> [kə-] + Adj + [-an]

5. Total Reduplication Indonesian omong ‘talk’ omong-omong ‘chat’
duduk ‘sit’
duduk-duduk ‘sit around’

6. Partial Reduplication
Tagalog
tulong ‘help’
=> tutulong ‘will help’
lipad ‘fly’
=> lilipad ‘will fly’
kain ‘eat’
=> kakain ‘will eat’

7. uwi ‘return’
=> uuwi ‘will return’
gradwet ‘graduate’
=> gagradwet
Reduplication = repeat first consonant and vowel

8. Compounding N-N: girlfriend, landlord, fire-fighter
A-N: blackbird, happy hour
P-N: overcoat, outhouse, underpass
N-A: trigger-happy, boy crazy

9. Characteristics of Compounds
Stress change
good friend vs girlfriend
Meaning change
black bird vs blackbird
black board vs blackboard

10. Alternation Singular Plural mouse [ɑʊ] mice [ɑɪ] goose [u] geese [i]
woman [ʊ] women [ɪ]
foot [ʊ] feet [i]

11. Noun Verb
strife [f] strive [v]
teeth [θ] teethe [ð]
breath [θ] breathe [ð]
use [s] use [z]

12. Arabic Alternation Singular Plural nafs nufuus ‘soul’
bank bunuuk ‘bank’

13. Derivation by Stress Verb Noun conduct conduct insert insert
reject reject
convict convict

14. Derivation by Tone Mandarin 教 [tçjɑʊ] 將 [tçjɑŋ]
level tone => ‘teach’
falling tone => ‘something taught’
將 [tçjɑŋ]
level tone => ‘lead’
falling tone => ‘one who leads’

15. Suppletion
go went
be is am are
good better
bad worse

16. Zero Derivations Noun Verb bike bike skate skate work work
winter winter

17. Morphological Types Analytic (isolating) => One morpheme per word
Synthetic
=> Polymorphemic words

18. Synthetic Types Agglutinating => Morphemes are easily segmentable.
=> One meaning per form
Fusional
=> Not easily segmentable
=> Multiple meanings per form

19. Fusional Spanish [hablo] ‘I am speaking.’ [habla] ‘S/he is speaking.’
[hable] ‘I spoke.’

20. Polysynthesis Onondaga (Iroquoian) Pet wa?-ha-htu?ta?
Pat Past-Agr-lose
ne? ohwista?
the money
“Pat lost the money.”

21. Incorporated
Pet wa?-ha-hwist-ahtu?ta?
Pat Past-Agr-money-lose
“Pat lost money.”