1. S UPPLY MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Lecturer: Jack Wu

2. C ASE :DRAM I NDUSTRY, 1996-98 Prices falling sharply: Fujitsu closed Durham, UK, factory but continued production at Gresham, OR Texas Instruments sold Richardson TX, Italy, and Singapore plants to Micron TI shut Midland, TX plant

3. Q UESTION Question: explain differences in strategic decisions: why did Fujitsu close Durham? why did it continue with Gresham? Question: Why did Micron buy some TI plants?

4. B USINESS R ESPONSE TO P RICE C HANGES If market price falls, should business reduce production or shut down? Correct managerial decision depends on time horizon – which inputs can be adjusted. Focus on short run, then later consider long run; distinction between short/long run on supply side similar to that on demand side

5. A DJUSTMENT T IME short run: time horizon within which seller cannot adjust at least one input long run: time horizon long enough for seller to adjust all inputs

6. S HORT -R UN C OST Analyze total cost into two categories fixed cost – do not vary with production scale variable cost – does vary marginal cost = increase in total cost for production of additional unit average (unit) cost = total cost / production rate

7. SHORT-RUN WEEKLY EXPENSES

8. ANALYSIS OF SHORT-RUN COSTS

9. C OMMON M ISCONCEPTION Capital expenditure = fixed cost Labor = variable cost Example: US: workers employed “at will”. Western Europe: strong worker protection laws Japan: guaranteed lifetime employment Current: temporary workers

10. 0 2 4 6 8 2468 total cost variable cost fixed cost Cost (Thousand $) Production rate (Thousand dozens a week) S HORT -R UN T OTAL C OST

11. DIMINISHING MARGINAL PRODUCT Marginal product: increase in output from additional unit of input Diminishing marginal product: marginal product reduces with each additional unit of input

12. 0 50 100 150 200 2468 Cost (Cents per dozen) Production rate (Thousand dozens a week) 250 300 marginal cost average cost average variable cost SHORT-RUN MARGINAL, AVERAGE VARIABLE, AND AVERAGE COSTS diminishing marginal product causes marginal and average cost curves to rise

13. MARGINAL REVENUE Total revenue = price x sales quantity. Marginal revenue: change in total revenue from selling additional unit May be positive or negative If price is fixed, then marginal revenue is equal to price

14. SHORT-RUN PROFIT, I

15. 0 3.5 4.793 159 total cost total revenue variable cost loss = $1293 Production rate (Thousand dozens a week) Cost/revenue (Thousand $) SHORT-RUN PROFIT, II

16. Two key business decisions: whether to continue in operation scale of operation S HORT -R UN D ECISIONS

17. 70 5 marginal cost average cost average variable cost marginal revenue = price Production rate (Thousand dozens a week) Cost/revenue (Cents per dozen) break-even price S HORT -R UN P RODUCTION produce where marginal cost = price

18. S HORT R UN B REAKEVEN I produce if total revenue >= variable cost, or price >= average variable cost

19. S HORT R UN B REAKEVEN II Sunk cost: cost that has been committed and cannot be avoided. sunk costs should be ignored in making a current decision assume, for competitive markets analysis, fixed cost = sunk cost hence, a business should continue in production so long as its revenue covers variable cost (i.e. shut down if losses are greater than fixed cost) or equivalently, so long as price covers average variable cost.

20. S HORT -R UN SUPPLY CURVE individual seller ’ s supply curve: that part of the marginal cost curve above minimum average variable cost; minimum average variable cost -- short-run breakeven level.

21. S HORT - RUN INDIVIDUAL SUPPLY : I NPUT DEMAND Change in input price shift in marginal cost change in profit- maximing production

22. L ONG -R UN D ECISIONS whether to enter/exit  price >= average cost scale of operation  where marginal cost = price

23. L ONG - RUN PRODUCTION

24. F UJITSU Durham, UK: long-run price < average cost (including cost of refitting) Gresham, OR: average variable cost < short-run price < average cost

25. W HY DID M ICRON BUY TI PLANTS ? different views of long-run DRAM price Micron could achieve greater scale economies Why didn ’ t Micron buy all of TI ’ s plants? Possible explanation: Micron Electronics bought TI plants -- Singapore, Italy, Richardson TX -- with lower average cost TI closed plants with higher average cost -- Midland TX -- Micron didn ’ t wish to buy

26. Graph of quantity that seller will supply at every possible price follows marginal cost curve slopes upward -- increasing marginal cost of production (or decreasing marginal return to inputs) I NDIVIDUAL S UPPLY

27. For every possible price, it shows the production/ delivery rate For each unit of item, it shows the minimum price that the seller is willing to accept S UPPLY C URVE : T WO V IEWS

28. M ARKET S UPPLY, I Graph of quantity that seller will supply at every possible price horizontal sum of individual supply curves

29. M ARKET SUPPLY

30. M ARKET S UPPLY, II lowest cost seller defines starting point gradually, blends in higher-cost sellers slopes upward

31. L ONG -R UN S UPPLY long run -- freedom of entry and exit if a business earns profits attract new entrants increase market supply reduce market price if business making loss, will exit

32. L ONG -R UN S UPPLY C URVE slope of long-run supply gentler than short-run supply may be flat

33. S ELLER S URPLUS Individual seller surplus = revenue a seller gets from a product - production cost Market seller surplus = sum of individual seller surpluses

34. 0 43 70 15 bc a d marginal cost marginal revenue = price individual seller surplus Production rate (Thousand dozens a week) Cost/revenue (Cents per dozen) d INDIVIDUAL SELLER SURPLUS

35. B ULK O RDER use bulk order to extract seller surplus Sellers use package deals, two-part tariffs to extract buyer surplus; buyer can apply symmetric concept -- how to get most out of seller; use bulk purchasing to capture all seller surplus -- Speedy should offer Luna a lump sum equal to area 0abd plus $1 of seller surplus to supply a bulk order of 5000 dozen eggs

36. P ROFIT /P RICE V ARIATION : L IHIR G OLD IPO, O CT. 1995 Projected profit in 1999: $52m if gold price = $400 per ounce $76m if gold price = $450 per ounce Why would a 12.5% increase in gold price raise profit by 46%?

37. P RICE E LASTICITIES

38. FORECASTING Forecasting quantity supplied Change in quantity supplied = price elasticity of supply x change in price