1. Glandular Epithelium
A gland is a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion.
Classification of Glands
• By destination
• By structure
• By nature of the secretion
• By the method of discharge
There are two types depending on how the cells release the substances they produce: Exocrine glands and endocrine glands

2. Classification by Structure
Secretory part: unicellular / multicellular
acinar (alveolar) / tubular
coiled / branched
Duct system: Simple gland (single duct)
Complex gland (branched ducts)
Branching ducts:
Main > interlobular > Intralobular > Intercalary
(ducts define structure of complex glands)

3. Exocrine glands secrete into ducts or directly onto a free surface
Exocrine glands secrete into ducts or directly onto a free surface. Their secretions include mucus, sweat, oil, ear wax and digestive enzymes.
EXO = out side and crine = secret
Structural classification of exocrine glands
multicellular glands - most glands, have a distinctive appearance. Communicates with the surface

4. Examples include :- pancreas , stomach , sweat glands , salivary glands , mammary glands , sebaceous glands , etc . unicellular glands - single cell. goblet cells. No ducts .

8. Endocrine glands - called “ductless glands” discharge their secretions into the intracellular fluid, where it diffuses into the blood stream. These secretions are hormones, or chemical messengers, which regulate many body functions.

9. Formation of glands from covering epithelia
Formation of glands from covering epithelia. During fetal development epithelial cells proliferate and penetrate the underlying connective tissue. They may-or may not-maintain a connection with the surface epithelium. When the connection is maintained, exocrine glands are formed; with the connection lost, endocrine glands are formed. Exocrine glands secrete to the body surface or gut via duct systems formed from the epithelial connection.

10. The cells of endocrine glands, which secrete hormone) can be arranged in cords or in follicles with lumens for storing the secretory product. From either the cords or follicles of endocrine cells, the secretory product is released outside the cells and picked up by the blood vessels for distribution throughout the body.

12. General structure of exocrine glands
General structure of exocrine glands. Exocrine glands by definition have ducts that lead to an organ or body surface. Inside the gland the duct runs through connecting septa and branches repeatedly, until its smallest branches end in the secretory portions of the gland.

14. exocrine glands have a secretory portion , which contains the cells specialized for secretion , and ducts , which transport the secretion out of the gland . the morphology of these components allows the glands to be classified as follows :-

15. 1-Ducts can be simple ( un branched ) or compound ( with two or more branches) 2-Secretory portions can be tubular ( either short or long and coiled ) or acinar ( round or globular) 3-Either type of secretory portion may be branched Compound glands can have tubular , acinar , or tubuloacinar secretory portions

19. Classification by nature of secretion The three major salivary glands: parotid, sub mandibular and sublingual.

20. Glands containing mucous acini (e. g
Glands containing mucous acini (e.g. the sublingual glands) are called mucous glands. Glands containing serous acini (e.g. the parotid glands) are called serous glands. If both types of acini are present the gland is muco-serous or mixed gland .

21. 1- Mucous glands ( glands containing cells produce a viscous secretion that lubricates and or protects the inner lining of organs ) Morphology : the cell is pyramidal in shape , flatten nuclei are displaced basally , their cytoplasm is completely filled with a light –staining , secretory product called mucus .

24. Serous glands ( glands with cell that produce watery secretions , which are often rich in enzymes ). Morphology : are similar in shape to mucous cells also pyramidal in shape , spherical or round nuclei are displaced basally by secretory granules that accumulate in the apical regions .

27. Mixed glands ( glands that contain a mixture of both mucous and serous secretory cells). Morphology : mucous cells predominant , serous cells form a crescent or moon-shaped cap over the mucous cells , called serous demilune

30. Classification by method of secretion • Merocrine • Apocrine • Holocrine  

31. Merocrine secretion is exocytosis   • Membrane bounded component approaches cell surface • It fuses with plasma membrane • Its contents are in continuity with the extracellular space • Plasma membrane transiently larger • Membrane retrieved, stabilizing cell surface area

33. Apocrine secretion • Non-membrane bounded structure (e. g
Apocrine secretion   • Non-membrane bounded structure (e.g. lipid) approaches cell surface • Makes contact and pushes up apical membrane • Thin layer of apical cytoplasm drapes around droplet • Membrane surrounding drop[let pinches off from cell • Plasma membrane transiently smaller • Membrane added to regain original area  

36. Holocrine secretion • Disintegration of the cell • Release of contents • Discharge of whole cell

40. Endocytosis • Engulfing material initially outside the cell • Opposite of exocytosis (merocrine secretion) • Endo- & Exo-cytosis are coupled in transepithelial transport   Transepithelial Transport • material endocytosed at one surface • transport vesicle shuttles across cytoplasm • material exocytosed at opposite surface  

42. Golgi Apparatus: Structure • Stack of disc-shaped cisternae • One side of discs are flattened; other concave • Discs have swellings at their edges • Distal swellings pinch off as migratory Golgi Vacuoles  

43.  Golgi Apparatus: Function • Packaging through condensation of contents • Transport • Adding sugars to proteins and lipids (Glycosylation) Golgi Product Destinations   • Majority extruded in secretory vesicles • Some retained for use in the cells (e.g. lysosomes) • Some enters the plasma membrane (Glycocalyx)

44. Glycosylation & Specificity   • Branching sugars offer complex shapes for specific interactions in the glycocalyx • Destruction of this layer by enzymes alters many specificity based properties of cells: - adhesion to substrates & neighboring cells - mobility of cells - communication with neighboring cells - contact inhibition of movement and division  

45. Control of Secretion
• Nervous
• Endocrine control
• Neuro-endocrine control
• Negative feedback chemical mechanism

46. The Pancreas, an exocrine and endocrine gland.

47. An islet of Langerhans surrounded by exocrine pancreatic acini (high power).

48. The thyroid gland  

49. Simple cuboidal epithelium of the thyroid gland surrounding homogeneous colloid in each follicle.

50. Parathyroid glands  

51. Adrenal gland  

56. Summary 1 • Epithelial cells form glands: the organs of secretion • Glands are: • tubular / acinar / coiled / branched • simple / complex • endocrine / exocrine • serous / mucous

57. Summary 2 • Secretion is Merocrine, Apocrine or Holocrine • Nascent proteins & lipids are processed in the Golgi • Golgi products are retained, exported or added to membrane • Glycosylation confers additional specificity • Control: chemical, neural, endocrine or neuro-endocrine