Lecture 6 Chapter 7: The Skeleton

Lecture 6 Chapter 7: The Skeleton
Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture 6 Chapter 7: The Skeleton

The Skeletal System Two major parts: Axial Appendicular
80 bones of the skull, vertebral columan and thoracic cage Appendicular bones of the limbs and their girdles

Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
Supports the head, neck and tunk Protects the brain, spinal cord, and organs of the thorax

Figure 7.1a The human skeleton.
Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Scapula Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Vertebral column Radius Ulna Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.1b The human skeleton.
Cranium Bones of pectoral girdle Clavicle Scapula Sternum Upper limb Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Bones of pelvic girdle Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Lower limb Tibia Fibula © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view

The Skull Formed by two sets of bones – 22 bones total Cranium bones
Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles Facial bones Framework of face Sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression

Figure 7.2a The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae.
Bones of cranium Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Facial bones Cranial and facial divisions of the skull © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Eight Cranial Bones
Frontal bone Parietal bones (2) Occipital bone Temporal bones (2) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Funny POETS PEST OF 6 (6 different bones)

Figure 7.4 Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.
Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Squamous part of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Supraorbital margin Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Sagittal suture Sutural bone Parietal bone Mandibular symphysis Anterior view Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Mastoid process of temporal bone Occipitomastoid suture External occipital crest Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view

External anatomy of the right side of the skull Mandibular angle
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone Maxilla Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Alveolar processes Mastoid process Styloid process Condylar process Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus External anatomy of the right side of the skull Mandibular angle Coronoid process © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures
Four sutures mark articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones: Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal bone Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and occipital bone Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull

// Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Parietal bone
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone Maxilla Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Alveolar processes Mastoid process Styloid process Condylar process // Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus External anatomy of the right side of the skull Mandibular angle Coronoid process © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Temporal Bones Inferolateral (below and to the side) aspects of skull and parts of cranial base Contains the zygomatic process that meets the zygomatic bone of the face

Figure 7.8 The temporal bone.
External acoustic meatus Squamous part Zygomatic process Petrous part Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Tympanic part Styloid process © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sphenoid Bone Complex, bat-shaped bone Keystone bone
Articulates with all other cranial bones

Figure 7.9a The sphenoid bone.
Optic canal Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Foramen rotundum Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Body of sphenoid Superior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.9b The sphenoid bone.
Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Pterygoid process Posterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ethmoid Bone Deepest skull bone
Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities Contributes to medial wall of orbits

Figure 7.10 The ethmoid bone.
Crista galli Cribriform plate with cribriform foramina Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fourteen Facial Bones 8 bones, 14 toal
Mandible Maxillary (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic (2) Nasal (2) Lacrimal (2) Palatine (2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae (2) Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh.

Mandible Lower jaw Largest, strongest bone of face
Temporomandibular joint Only freely movable joint in skull

Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.
Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condylar process Mandibular foramen Alveolar process Ramus of mandible Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible Mandible, right lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Maxillary Bones (2) Medially fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton Keystone bones Articulate with all other facial bones except mandible

Figure 7.11b Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.
Articulates withfrontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process (cut) Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process Maxilla, right lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Zygomatic Bones Cheekbones Inferolateral margins of orbits

Nasal and Lacrimal Bones
Nasal bones Form bridge of nose Lacrimal bones In medial walls of orbits

Palatine and Vomer Bones
Palatine bones Posterior one-third of hard palate Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity Small part of the orbits Vomer Plow shaped Inferior part of nasal septum

Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Squamous part
Figure 7.4a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Squamous part of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Supraorbital margin Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular symphysis Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.
Maxilla (palatine process) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Median palatine suture Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Vomer Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone (petrous part) Occipital condyle Basilar part of the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Parietal bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Orbits Cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands
Sites of attachment for eye muscles Formed by parts of seven bones Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid

Figure 7.12a Bones that form the orbits.
Photograph, right orbit © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.12b Bones that form the orbits.
Superior orbital fissure Roof of orbit Supraorbital notch Optic canal • Lesser wing of sphenoid bone • Orbital plate of frontal bone Medial wall • Sphenoid body • Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Lateral wall of orbit • Zygomatic process of frontal bone • Frontal process of maxilla • Greater wing of sphenoid bone • Lacrimal bone • Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Nasal bone Inferior orbital fissure Floor of orbit Infraorbital groove • Orbital process of palatine bone Zygomatic bone • Orbital surface of maxillary bone Infraorbital foramen • Zygomatic bone Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Paranasal Sinuses Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces Lighten skull
Enhance resonance of voice Openings connect sinuses to the nasal cavity Warm and humidify air Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

Figure 7.14a Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Anterior aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.14b Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Medial aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Hyoid Bone Not bone of skull
Does not articulate directly with another bone Movable base for tongue Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech

Figure 7.15 The hyoid bone, anterior view.
Greater horn Lesser horn Body © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Need a Summary? Refer to Table 7.1
Markings on the bone are not necessary at this time Sites for nerve, muscle, artery and veins, ligament attachments and/or entry points

The Vertebral Column Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs
Surrounds and protects spinal cord Flexible curved structure containing 26 irregular bones (vertebrae) in five major regions

Five Regions of the Vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae (7)—vertebrae of neck Thoracic vertebrae (12)—vertebrae of thoracic cage Lumbar vertebrae (5)—vertebrae of lower back Sacrum—bone inferior to lumbar vertebrae Coccyx—terminus of vertebral column

Vertebrae Curvatures Increase resilience and flexibility of spine
Cervical and lumbar curvatures Concave posteriorly Thoracic and sacral curvatures Convex posteriorly

Figure 7.16 The vertebral column.
2 3 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1 – C7 4 5 6 7 T1 Spinous process 2 3 Transverse processes 4 5 6 Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1 – T12 7 8 9 Intervertebral discs 10 11 Intervertebral foramen 12 L1 2 Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1 – L5 3 4 5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Right lateral view

General Structure of Vertebrae
Body or centrum Anterior weight-bearing region Vertebral arch Composed of pedicles and laminae that, along with centrum, enclose vertebral foramen Vertebral foramina Make up vertebral canal for spinal cord

Figure 7.19 Typical vertebral structures.
Posterior Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular Vertebral arch facet and • Lamina process • Pedicle Vertebral foramen Body (centrum) Anterior © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cervical Vertebrae C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae
C3 to C7 share following features Oval body Spinous processes are bifid (except C7) Large, triangular vertebral foramen Transverse foramen in each transverse process C7 is called the vertebra prominens landmark for counting vertebrae

Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.21a Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) C3 Inferior articular process Bifid spinous process Transverse processes C7 (vertebra prominens) Cervical vertebrae © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

C1 and C2 vertebrae C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) have unique features
Atlas (C1) No body or spinous process Lateral masses articulate with occipital bones of skull carry the skull Movement for "Yes"

Figure 7.20a–b The first and second cervical vertebrae.
Posterior Posterior Posterior tubercle Posterior tubercle Posterior arch Inferior articular facet Posterior arch Transverse process Transverse foramen Lateral masses Lateral masses Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Anterior arch Anterior arch Anterior tubercle Facet for dens Anterior tubercle Superior view of atlas (C1) Inferior view of atlas (C1) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

C1 and C2 vertebrae Axis (C2)
Is "missing" body of atlas (C1) Dens is a pivot for rotation of atlas (C1) Movement for "No"

Figure 7.20c The first and second cervical vertebrae.
Posterior C2 Spinous process Lamina Inferior articular process Pedicle Superior articular facet Transverse process Dens Body Superior view of axis (C2) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thoracic Vertebrae T1 to T12 All articulate with ribs
Long, spinous process that points inferiorly Circular vertebral foramen Structure allows rotation of this area of spine restriction by ribs

Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Thoracic

Figure 7.21b Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Superior articular process Transverse process Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Intervertebral disc Body Inferior costal facet (for head of rib) Spinous process Inferior articular process Thoracic vertebrae © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lumbar Vertebrae L1 to L5 Receives most stress
Short, thick pedicles and laminae Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes point posteriorly Vertebral foramen triangular Structure locks vertebrae together to prevent rotation

Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae

Figure 7.21c Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Superior articular process Body Transverse process Intervertebral disc Inferior articular process Spinous process Lumbar vertebrae © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sacrum and Coccyx Sacrum Coccyx 5 fused vertebrae (S1–S5)
Forms posterior wall of pelvis Articulates with L5 superiorly, and with auricular surfaces of hip bones, forming sacroiliac joints Coccyx Tailbone 3–5 fused vertebrae Articulates superiorly with sacrum

Figure 7.22a The sacrum and coccyx.
Sacral promontory Ala Body of first sacral vertebra Transverse ridges (sites of vertebral fusion) Anterior sacral foramina Apex Coccyx Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.22b The sacrum and coccyx.
Facet of superior articular process Body Sacral canal Ala Auricular surface Lateral sacral crest Median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral hiatus Coccyx Posterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ligaments Vertebrae must be held in place by elaborate system of ligament supports Major supporting ligaments: Anterior Posterior Run as continous band down the front and back of vertebrae from neck to sacrum

Figure 7.18b Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Posterior longitudinal ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Body of a vertebra Intervertebral disc Anterior view of part of the spinal column, showing the anterior longitudinal ligament © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intervertebral Discs Cushionlike pad composed of two parts
Nucleus pulposus Inner gelatinous nucleus Gives disc its elasticity and compressibility Anulus fibrosus Outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

Figure 7.18c Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra) Spinal cord Spinal nerve root Transverse process Herniated portion of disc Anulus fibrosus of disc Nucleus pulposus of disc Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thoracic Cage Composed of Functions Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
Sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly Ribs laterally Functions Protects vital organs of thoracic cavity Supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs Provides attachment sites for muscles of neck, back, chest, and shoulders

Sternum (Breastbone) Three fused bones Manubrium – Superior portion
Articulates with clavicles and ribs 1 and 2 Body (midportion) Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2 through 7 Xiphoid process – Inferior end Site of muscle attachment Not ossified until ~age 40

Figure 7.23a The thoracic cage.
Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Sternum Xiphisternal joint True ribs (1–7) Xiphoid process False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces L1 Vertebra Costal cartilage Floating ribs (11, 12) Costal margin Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classification of Ribs
True ribs two attachment points: vertebrae and sternum False ribs Either attach indirectly to sternum or lack a sternal attachment Floating ribs Have no anterior attachments Costal cartilage is embedded in muscles

Rib Structure Head (posterior end)
Articulates on bodies of two adjacent vertebrae Neck (constricted portion beyond head) Tubercle (lateral to neck) Articulates posteriorly with transverse costal facet of same-numbered thoracic vertebra Shaft Most of rib

Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet
Figure 7.24a Ribs. Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Angle of rib Body of vertebra Head of rib Intervertebral disc Neck of rib Tubercle of rib Shaft Sternum Cross- section of rib Costal groove Costal cartilage Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superior view of the articulation between a rib and a
Figure 7.24b Ribs. Articular facet on tubercle of rib Spinous process Shaft Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Ligaments Neck of rib Body of thoracic vertebra Head of rib Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Superior view of the articulation between a rib and a thoracic vertebra © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of limbs and their girdles Pectoral girdle Attaches upper limbs to body trunk Pelvic girdle Attaches lower limbs to body trunk

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)
Clavicles (collarbone) and scapulae (shoulder blade) Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton Provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs Scapulae on dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7

Articulated pectoral girdle
Figure 7.25a The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromio- clavicular joint Clavicle Scapula © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Articulated pectoral girdle

Right clavicle, superior view
Figure 7.25b The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end Right clavicle, superior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Right scapula, anterior aspect
Figure 7.26a The scapula. Suprascapular notch Acromion Superior border Coracoid process Superior angle Glenoid cavity The Glenoid cavity articulates the humerus of the arms, coracoid process helps anchor the bicep muscle Subscapular fossa Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle Right scapula, anterior aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Right scapula, lateral aspect
Figure 7.26c The scapula. Supraspinous fossa Acromion Supraglenoid tubercle Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Infraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa Spine Glenoid cavity Posterior Anterior Infraspinous fossa Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Fossa appear that will anchor muscles of similar names (Chps 9 and 10) Inferior angle Right scapula, lateral aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Upper Arm 30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb Arm
Humerus Forearm Radius and ulna Hand 8 carpal bones in the wrist 5 metacarpal bones in the palm 14 phalanges in the fingers

Humerus Largest, longest bone of upper limb
Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow. Greater tubercle Head of humerus Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Inter- tubercular sulcus Surgical neck Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity Medial supracondylar ridge Coronoid fossa Lateral supracondylar ridge Olecranon fossa Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Posterior view

Radius and Ulna Ulna Radius Medial bone in forearm
Forms major portion of elbow joint with humerus Radius Lateral bone in forearm Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna Interosseous membrane connects radius and ulna along their entire length

Figure 7.28a–b Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Radial notch of the ulna Head Neck tuberosity Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane Ulna Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Distal Radial styloid Anterior view Posterior view Neck of radius Head of © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Posterior view of extended elbow Anterior view at the elbow region
Figure 7.27c–d The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow. Humerus Capitulum Head of radius Radial tuberosity Radius Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea process of ulna Radial notch Ulna Olecranon Lateral Head Neck Posterior view of extended elbow Anterior view at the elbow region © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Hand: The Carpus Carpus (Wrist) – Eight bones in two rows
Proximal row—lateral to medial Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform Distal row—lateral to medial Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate She Looks Too Pretty; Try To Catch Her

The Hand: Metacarpals and Phalanges
Metacarpus (Palm) Five metacarpal bones (I to V from thumb to little finger) form the palm Phalanges (Fingers) Fingers numbered I to V starting at thumb (pollex) Digit I (Pollex) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx Digits II to V have 3 bones—distal, middle, and proximal phalanx

Anterior view of right hand Posterior view of right hand
Figure Bones of the right hand. Phalanges • Distal • Middle • Proximal Metacarpals • Head Sesamoid bones • Shaft • Base Carpals IV III II V • Hamate I Carpals II III IV I V • Trapezium Carpals • Capitate • Hamate • Pisiform • Trapezoid • Capitate • Triquetrum • Scaphoid • Triquetrum • Lunate • Lunate Ulna Radius Ulna Anterior view of right hand Posterior view of right hand © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Need a Summary? Refer to Table 7.3

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Two hip bones (coxal bones or os coxae) and sacrum
Three fused bones form coxal bone Ilium, ischium, and pubis Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs Support pelvic organs Less mobility but more stable than shoulder joint

Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3)

Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (3 of 3)

The Lower Limb Carries entire weight of erect body
Subjected to exceptional forces if jump or run Three segments of lower limb Thigh Leg Foot

Bones of the Thigh Femur Patella
Largest and strongest bone in the body Length ~ ¼ of person's height Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and distally with tibia and patella Patella Sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon

Figure 7.32a–b Bones of the right knee and thigh.
Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Inter- trochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Apex Linea aspera Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Lateral condyle Popliteal surface Lateral epicondyle Surface for patellar ligament Intercondylar fossa Posterior Medial condyle Patella (kneecap) Lateral epicondyle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Posterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Femur (thigh bone)

Bones of the Leg Tibia Fibula
Medial leg bone Receives weight of body from femur; transmits to foot Fibula Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur Several muscles originate from fibula Articulates proximally and distally with tibia Tibia and fibula connected by interosseous membrane

Inferior articular surface Anterior view
Figure 7.33a The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Medial condyle Head Tibial tuberosity Superior tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Inferior tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Inferior articular surface Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Foot: Tarsus Seven tarsal bones form posterior half of foot
talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiform, and cuboid Body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus The Circus Needs More Interesting Little Clowns

The Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges
Five metatarsal bones (I to V from hallux to little toe) Enlarged head of metatarsal I forms "ball of the foot" Phalanges 14 bones of toes Digit I (Hallux) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx Digits II to V have 3 bones—distal, middle, and proximal phalanx

Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal I II III Metatarsals IV Medial
Figure 7.34a Bones of the right foot. Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal I II III Metatarsals IV Medial cuneiform V Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior view

Medial Talus malleolar facet Navicular Intermediate cuneiform
Figure 7.34b Bones of the right foot. Talus Medial malleolar facet Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Sustentac- ulum tali (talar shelf) First metatarsal Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity Medial view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intermediate cuneiform
Figure 7.34c Bones of the right foot. Lateral malleolar facet Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Talus Calcaneus Cuboid Fifth metatarsal Lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Arches of the Foot Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons Allow foot to bear weight distributes ½ weight to heel bones and ½ weight to heads of metatarsals. Three arches Lateral longitudinal Medial longitudinal Transverse

Medial longitudinal arch
Figure 7.35a Arches of the foot. Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch The medial longitudinal arch is high, leaves no footprint, the talus is the keystone bone. Lateral arch is the low arch to redistribute weight to the calcaneus and heat of fifth metatarsal. The cuboidal is the keystone bone for this arch Lateral aspect of right foot © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Need a Summary? Refer to Table 7.5

Lab Exercises Exercise 10: Axial Skeleton
examine cranial and facial bones compare vertebrae bones of cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions Identify regions that connect ribs to vertebrae and cartalage/sternum Exercise 11: Appendicular Skeleton Examine bones – Can you rebuild these regions? Fill out diagram on pg 163

Lecture 6 Chapter 7: The Skeleton

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