1. Creating Multi-Lingual and Multi-Locale Databases
International Unicode Conference 19
Presented by Addison Phillips
Globalization Architect
webMethods, Inc.

2. Introduction Audience: Beginning Developers
Presenter: Addison Phillips Globalization Architect webMethods, Inc.
Presentation:
Creating complex systems in a global environment requires more than internationalized code. Since most Enterprise system rely on relational databases, a global-ready system must also consider database design in order to be truly effective.
Tight timeframe for this discussion. Want to leave time for QNA at the end.
This presentation will be available at my personal website (shown). The whitepaper contains some information not in this presentation, in part because other presentations today contained similar information.
Note: webMethods products generally are written in Java. Most of the examples and information in this presentation are related to

3. Our Problem
This presentation is based on the lessons learned in developing and deploying a B2B “conversation management” system (webMethods for Trading Networks) and “partnership management” software (webMethods PartnerConnect).
The products we created share a central database that allow webMethods customers to manage their B2B trading partnerships.
Terminology:
A “trading partner” is a company that you want to do business with.
An “initiative” is a specific opportunity to work together.
A trading network generally has:
“hub”, is the trading network.
“partners”, are the folks you’re trading with.
“initiatives”, the particular opportunities to work together
When designing the system, we needed to take into account the business requirements of our customers, mostly Global 2000 companies. Since the questionnaires are user-defined, they can be authored in any language. And suppliers may come from a variety of locales. But the system is centrally managed. We needed to provide:
1.      The ability to store multilingual data without having separate database instances.
2.      The ability for a trading network to localize a questionnaire and serve it according to the supplier’s language preferences.
The ability to customize the questionnaire depending on the locale of both the supplier and the hub owner (since different locations, for example, might have different requirements for the same general initiative).

4. Trading Networks
Companies need to store information about transactions and business relationships world wide and in real time.
We call this “Global Business Visibility”

5. Partner Connect Goals Centrally served (one instance).
Centrally managed (initiatives can be deployed anywhere).
Localized (so partners can interact with initiatives in their own language).
Cultural and market sensitivity (customized to fit different market conditions locally).
Created and managed by the customer entirely through HTML interface.

6. Profile and Conversation Management

7. Enter the Database
Serve both global and local initiatives from a single instance.
Store data in multiple writing systems (scripts, languages).
Provide for actual differences in the data due to user location (“locale”).
Provide for localization of global content.
Provide for local content management.

8. Basic Rules for a Global DB Schema
Expand fields to support changes in character encoding.
Expand fields to support differences in the storage requirements of other locales (cultural or linguistic expansion, as opposed to encoding)
Classify data as locale-neutral, locale-intrinsic, or locale-related and re-normalize the tables accordingly.
Create efficient access to both global and locale-specific information.

9. Selecting an Encoding
If a database instance will only serve a single locale (or compatible locales), then the character encoding can be selected based on local requirements (“legacy encoding”).
If the database must store data from many locales (or incompatible writing systems), then the character encoding selected must be a Unicode encoding.
Each database vendor has a unique approach to this.
Encodings vary in terms of performance and capability.
Generally the two choices you have are:
UTF-8
UTF-16 (formerly known as UCS-2)

10. Character Encodings and DDL
Each database vendor provides their own encoding support.
Most support “legacy” encodings and their variants.
Need a Unicode encoding to support multiple languages (globally)*
Each vendor handles Unicode encodings differently.
CREATE TABLE Address (
cust_id number,
attn varchar(50),
department varchar(50),
street1 varchar(50),
street2 varchar(50),
city varchar(50),
state char(2),
zip varchar(5),
country varchar(18));

11. Example: Cloudscape Cloudscape is a pure Java database.
Uses java.lang.String objects to store char and varchar data, so all string data is stored as UCS-2.
(1) java.lang.Character equals (1) unit in DDL
CREATE TABLE Address (
cust_id number,
attn varchar(50),
department varchar(50),
street1 varchar(50),
street2 varchar(50),
city varchar(50),
state char(2),
zip varchar(5),
country varchar(18));

12. Example: Oracle
Oracle provides several native Unicode encodings. The most commonly used one is called “UTF8”.
Characters in UTF-8 range from one to four bytes*
Char and varchar2 types are defined in bytes, not characters.
So a varchar2(30) can reliably store 10 Unicode characters (and as many as 30).
Note that a varchar2(60) is required to store surrogate pairs.
CREATE TABLE Address (
cust_id number,
attn varchar2(150),
department varchar2(150),
street1 varchar2(150),
street2 varchar2(150),
city varchar2(150),
state char(6),
zip varchar2(15),
country varchar2(18));

13. Oracle Example Create a table and insert values.
Notice that “multibyte” values take more room to store.

14. Example: MS SQL Server 2000
SQL Server 2000 provides support for the UTF-16 encoding of Unicode via the nchar and nvarchar datatypes.
Char and varchar2 must use a legacy encoding, with sizes defined in bytes (so a varchar(30) can store as many as 30 and as few as 15 characters in Shift-JIS [CP932]).
Nchar and nvarchar are defined in characters, so an nvarchar(30) can store 30 characters.
Note that an nvarchar(30) can only store 15 characters beyond U+FFFF.
CREATE TABLE Address (
cust_id integer,
attn nvarchar(50),
department nvarchar(50),
street1 nvarchar(50),
street2 nvarchar(50),
city nvarchar(50),
state nchar(2),
zip nvarchar (5),
country nvarchar(18));

15. SQL Server Example Create a table.
Insert data using “multibyte” characters.
Insert data using “single-byte” characters.

16. Oracle Unicode Encoding Variations
AL24UTFFSS. The original Unicode encoding supported by Oracle. It is not compatible with modern Unicode and should be avoided.
UTF8. A multibyte encoding used by most versions of Oracle. This version encodes Unicode Scalar Values larger than U+FFFF as the UTF-8 sequence for a pair of surrogate characters.
This results in binary sorting sequences compatible with UTF-16 representations.
This violates the Unicode “shortest form” requirement (note that this is invisible to my Java application).
*(All JDBC drivers adjust the connection to use this encoding automatically.)
AL32UTF8. A UTF-8 encoding provided in Oracle 9i that correctly encodes Unicode Scalar Values larger than U+FFFE using the shortest form. Note that the sorting sequence is different.
nchar/nvharchar support for UTF-16 in Oracle 9i.

17. MS SQL Server 2000 Issues
Code Page 65001: This is Microsoft’s code page for UTF-8.
It can not be used as a char/varchar/text encoding, even in the most recent versions of MS SQL Server.
See for more information.
You can use a different encoding (by setting the collation) for each data column, but this is not a very convenient way to work in a global environment.
JDBC connections to SQL Server use the JDBC-ODBC driver. This driver cannot tell the difference between n-types and “regular” types, and thus cannot retrieve Unicode string values.
Note that this also applies to several middleware products, notably Merant.
Note that this also applies to use of variant text types in other databases (such as Oracle 9i).

18. Some Other Databases Sybase IBM DB/2 MySQL doesn’t support Unicode.
ASE supports UTF-8.
Sybase 11 supports UTF-8 via an add-on.
ASE is adding support for UTF-16 via a new data type.
IBM DB/2
Supports UTF-16 (as CCSID 13844).
Supports UTF-8 as a database encoding.
MySQL doesn’t support Unicode.
The Open Source folks need to get to work …

19. Modifying Size Constraints
UTF-8 has a maximum number of bytes-per-character of 4.
Vast majority of characters use 3 or less.
Older systems (JDK, for example) cannot access the 4-byte characters.
Determine size requirements:
Specific constraint
--or--
Arbitrary constraint.
Specific Size Limit:
Check length using code (database fields have variable restrictions).
For UTF-8: Multiply by 3 (or 4) bytes to get field length.
Example: varchar2(10) becomes varchar2(30).
Arbitrary Size Limit:
Multiply the desired maximum by 3 bytes to get approximate size.
Adjust according to database and performance requirements.
Example: varchar2(100) becomes varchar2(255). [Was able to store 100 characters, now a “minimum maximum” of 85.]

20. Cultural Data Expansion
Data also changes size (and sometimes type) because of “culture” or locale.
Examples:
Social Security Number is 13 digits in France
“Postal code” not all numeric outside USA and may be quite long.
Different address units than “State”
Spanish users often have two or three “middle” names.
Avoid arbitrarily small char and varchar field lengths. Most databases optimize storage of variable length fields.
But avoid performance killing sizes.
Oracle block size limitations.
Oracle JDBC character conversion “latching” maximum (2000 bytes in 8.0.5).

21. Cultural Data Expansion
State (char2) becomes province (up to 85 characters).
ZIP code (varchar9) becomes postalcode (up to 50 characters and probably much more).
Address fields expand from 50 bytes to 255 bytes (or about 85 characters).
Don’t assume that the same fields will always represent the exact same data values.
CREATE TABLE Address (
address_id char(24),
cust_id char(24),
contact_id char(24),
country_id char(2),
department varchar2(255),
street1 varchar2(255),
street2 varchar2(255),
city varchar2(255),
province varchar2(255),
postalcode varchar2(150));
--Addr demo.
--Fine for simple table, now the complex bits.

22. What’s Left? So far we’ve: We still need to:
Expanded storage to deal with character encodings.
Expanded storage to deal with cultural and linguistic data expansion.
We still need to:
Allow for localization of textual elements.
Allow for relational changes due to cultural or linguistic requirements.

23. Basic Questionnaire Table Structure
Q_ID char(24)
QUES_ID char(24)
TYPE_ID char(2)
QUESTION varchar(255)
SEQ_NUM number

24. Structure with Localization
QUESTION
Q_ID char(24)PK
QUES_ID char(24)PK
TYPE_ID char(2)
DESCRIPTION varchar(255)
SEQ_NUM number
QUESTION_LOCALE
Q_ID char(24)PK, FK
QUES_ID char(24)PK, FK
LCID number PK
NAME varchar(255)
Standard usage: DESC vs. NAME
DESC is default locale value, so empty ResultSets can still function.
LCID is a number in this particular design. Let’s examine why…

25. Selecting the Locale How Java does it:
<baseclass>+<specific language>+ <specific country>+<specific variant>
<baseclass>+<specific language>+ <specific country>
<baseclass>+<specific language>
<baseclass>+<default language>+ <default country>+<default variant>
<baseclass>+<default language>+ <default country>
<baseclass>+<default language>
<baseclass>
How can we replicate this in SQL?

26. One Method… Inefficient. Difficult to manage. QUESTIONLOCALE
SELECT * FROM Questionnaire WHERE InitiativeID = ?
SELECT * FROM Question WHERE Q_ID = ?
(while more questions)
(do)
SELECT * FROM QuestionLocale WHERE Ques_ID = ? AND LCID=?
(until you find a record…)
(wend)
QUESTIONLOCALE
Q_ID
QUES_ID
LANG_ID
TERRITORY_ID
QUESTION
Inefficient.
Difficult to manage.

27. Our Solution Concept of “installed locale”
Create associated “installed locale” records at the hub or questionnaire level.
Perform locale negotiation once.
No additional searches required.
Let’s look…
SELECT * FROM Questionnaire WHERE Initiative_ID=?
SELECT * FROM Question WHERE Q_ID =?
SELECT * FROM QuestionLocale WHERE Q_ID =? AND Ques_ID=? AND LCID=?

30. Appearance of Questions

31. Data and Locale Some data is locale neutral.
Formatted at display time to match user’s locale.
Values don’t vary by locale.
Note: It may be in a language.
Some data is locale related.
Data locale implied by context.
Formatting/Validation is supplied by context.
Locale can be inherited or cascaded.
Problems:
Responses to the same questionnaire should be pooled.
Hub owners don’t want to manage multiple questionnaires (especially if the only difference is language).
Some data is locale intrinsic.
Business Logic (format/validation) changes due to data’s locale.
Locale must be tagged.
Implies a separate table.

32. Simplify with Locale Related

33. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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