1. Nursery & Plantation Insect Pests

2. Reference Forest Nursery Pests USDA Forest Service Ag Handbook 680

3. Nursery & Plantation Insect Pests Chewing or sapsucking mouthparts Damage seedlings by feeding on roots, stem, shoot and buds Causes seedling mortality, reduces seedling grade, culls

4. Insecticides used in nurseries

5. Nursery Insect Pests White Grubs Phyllophaga spp. 100 different species and other genera of white grubs include: Diplotaxis, Dichelonyx, Serica, & Cotalpa

6. Symptoms: Seedling foliage turns brown, seedling roots cut off, 3-5 mm gouges in larger roots, tap root severed, smaller roots missing. Occurs in a) newly established nurseries, b) 2-3 yr post fumigation and c) in outplanting areas with sod. Found throughout eastern United States

7. Identification Grubs always “C” shaped Found in soil near roots Roots appear sparse or have chewed upon look

8. Identification Adults large brown or black beetles May beetles, June bugs, Green June Beetles, Japanese beetles

9. Life cycle: 3-yr - sometimes only 2-yr in southern US Eggs laid in summer in soil near seedlings Larvae feed on roots until fall, then burrow deep in soil, hibernate in the soil. Spring, move back up to feed on roots Cycle repeated two more years, Larvae grow bigger each year, cause increasing damage

10. Life Cycle Larvae complete growth third spring. Pupate in soil for a few weeks. Adults emerge from pupal case but remain in soil until next spring Fly to oaks, feed, mate, lay eggs.

11. Life Cycle: Adults strongly attracted to lights & often found in pools of water Nocturnal feeders on hardwoods, especially oaks and can defoliate stands of oaks

12. Damage Very injurious to seedlings Damage worst within a few 100 yards of Quercus sp Adults do not fly far from food to lay eggs 1 larva/sq ft causes serious damage

13. White Grub Management Keep adult food plants such as Quercus sp away from Nursery. Beetles are lazy and poor fliers. Insecticides Fumigate beds with MBr/Chl before sowing Granular insecticides effective Dipping of seedlings in insecticide reduces damage after outplanting - high risk sites. Scalping, removing sod when replanting fields.

17. Nursery Insect Pest Lesser Cornstalk borer Elasmopalgus lignosellus Found throughout the southern US Larva feed upon the seedling stem; mortality, secondary pathogens enter

18. Lesser cornstalk borer Look for wounds just below to just above the ground level. Bark may be completely or partially removed. Partially girdled seedlings may have a gall/swelling on stem. Seedlings turn chlorotic, orange, and die; remain standing upright or tip over.

19. Lesser cornstalk borer Larva less than an inch in length Pale green with brown bands/stripes May produce silk tunnels in soil Wriggle furiously when handled Rare to find Adult moths, more commonly observed Moth-like in color, fly erratically above seedlings, about an inch across.

20. Lesser cornstalk borer larva

21. Lesser cornstalk borer adult

22. Lesser cornstalk borer Insect has 2-4 generations per year. Late summer, all life stages are present. Adult moths emerge from the soil in late spring, mate and female deposits eggs at base of seedlings. Eggs hatch within 7 days and larva feed on lower stem, or subterranean roots. Larva feed 3 wks, pupate in soil, emerge, mate lay eggs. Over winter as both larva and pupae in soil.

23. Lesser cornstalk borer Cover crops, sandy soils and drought favor LCB activity. Insect prefers corn, but it also feeds on beans, cowpeas, crabgrass, Johnson grass, peas, peanuts, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat. Watch your cover crop! Cultivation promotes, rather than retards, injury by insect. Damage is less under no-tillage cropping systems which is attributed to increased soil moisture and the presence of decaying organic matter. Insecticides available to use against LCB; chlorpyrifos, carboryl

24. Nursery Insect Pests Tarnish Plant Bug - Lygus linecolaris Attacks a wide variety of economically important herbaceous plants, vegetable crops, commercial flower plants, fruit trees, and nursery stock. Lygus bugs occur in all Canadian provinces, the continental United States and most of Mexico. Approximately 50% of loblolly pine seedlings in one southern forest nursery was damaged by Lygus bugs.

25. Tarnish plant bug – Lygus Bug

26. Tarnish Plant Bug The insect over winters as adults in dead weeds, under tree bark, nursery margins, ditch banks, and road rights-of-way. Become active in early spring and feed on newly developing seedling buds and shoots. Most nursery damage occurs from mid-April to late June. Oviposition is restricted to composite host plants (non-conifers) where eggs are deposited at the base of the leaf blade.

27. Tarnish Plant Bug After 7-10 days, yellowish-green nymphs emerge and begin feeding. The life cycle is completed in 3 - 4 wks. There are 2-3 generations per year. At least 385 host plants have been recorded for Lygus with most in the Rosidae and Asteridae families. The insect also attacks pine seedlings which are severely damaged.

28. Tarnish Plant Bug Adults and nymphs of Lygus feed by sucking plant juices and inject into the plant a watery saliva to aid in the breakdown of plant tissues. The feeding causes terminal growth to be distorted thereby reducing plant growth. Damaged by Lygus feeding has been called "crazy cotton", "stop-back", "bush- head", "bushy-top." Symptoms appear within a few weeks after feeding and apical dominance is lost and weak multiple leaders appear.

29. Tarnish Plant Bug In conifer seedlings, terminal needles are thicker and shorter and the tip is often curled The removal of preferred host plants from edges of nurseries and destruction of favorable overwintering sites will help to reduce the damages caused by Lygus. Weed hosts include butterweed, fleabane, goldenrod, vetch, dock, and dog fennel. Several insecticides are available to control populations of Lygus.

30. “Bushy-Top” symptoms of Lygus bug feeding damage

31. Insecticide treatedbedNon-treated bed

32. Mole crickets: Important in nurseries but not always recognized. Southern pest, virtually all of Florida, the southern half of Alabama. However, recently found in Anniston. Not a problem in cold climates Mole cricket inactive until soil reaches 60 F. Feed at night, in upper 1 inch of soil

33. Mole crickets

34. Damage - Two types of crickets Southern Mole cricket, Tunneling disrupts roots, uproots seedlings but does not feed on roots Tawney mole cricket Feeds on roots, damage can be serious. Is common in Florida, rarer as move north. Tawney Mole cricket Southern mole cricket

35. Mole cricket damage in nursery bed

37. Identification Southern Mole cricket: gray with white spots, “U” shaped space between claws Tawney Mole cricket: Tan and has “V” shaped space between claws.

38. Tawney Mole cricket digging leg (V shaped notch)

39. Biology Adults over-winter in deep soil burrows. Adults lay eggs in soil chambers, which hatch in June. Pupate in soil for a few weeks. Two peaks of feeding activity. First in March/April when overwintering adults begin feeding. Second in Sept/Oct when the new generation of nymphs feed and the adults continue to feed. Second peak most damaging. There is only one generation per year

40. Management - Insecticides 1st peak of activity- Control optional due to low numbers. Usually when it is observed. 2nd Peak – Use Orthene, Dursban Biological control. Parasitic wasps and nematodes available Populations monitored/controlled using artificial cricket callers

41. Cutworms Several species of Noctuidae

42. Distributed all over U.S. with the most damaging in Lake States and southern US. High populations can destroy 1000’s of seedlings in a few weeks Damage symptoms include cut off needles and seedlings clipped at soil level Chemical sprays and fumigation are effective - diazinon, Chlorpyrifos

43. Most injurious weevils in US Black vine weevil Strawberry root weevil Rough strawberry weevil Fortunately they do not occur here – but some get close as Virginia

44. “Regeneration” Weevils Pales weevil Hylobius pales Pitch eating weevil Pachylobius picivorus

45. Pales Weevil - Found throughout S.E.

46. Pitch eating weevil more common along Gulf Coast

47. Pales and Pitch eating weevils Most serious threat to newly planted in cut over areas. Attack all species of pines with 90% mortality reported. 30-60% more common. Difficult to separate two weevils and not necessary for practical purposes. Both are robust, black to reddish-brown one-half inch long. Elytra have small patches of yellow hairs

48. Biology Adults attracted to fresh resin odor and they invade recently cut over areas and lay eggs in pine stumps / roots. Eggs hatch in 5-10 days and the larvae feed on inner bark of dead roots - not a problem. Weevils pupate in chip cocoons and adults fly to new seedlings feed on tender bark of pine branches. Newly planted seedlings = girdle stem and kill 2 generations/yr but adults present year round in south.

49. Pales Weevil Damage

51. Management Cultural – Delay regeneration/planting Chemical- Insecticides (Pounce or WayLay) Prior to lifting – over the top At time of packing – on the roots In the field (spot) – in the planting hole

52. Planting Recommendations – Cultural Log in Winter or Spring & Replant following Winter or Spring = Low loss of seedlings from Weevil attacks (6%) Log in Summer Replant following Winter = Moderate loss of seedlings from Weevil attacks (20%) Log in Fall Replant that Winter = Severe loss of seedlings from Weevil attacks (58%)

53. Why is timing important? Weevils attracted to cut timber areas & lay eggs at base of stumps. They reproduce in large numbers. Immediate replanting means you are putting the seedlings (500/acre) into a “sea” of weevils. Waiting one year allows the insects time to disperse from the area.

54. Terminal and Shoot Insects These insects kill growing tip of trees both terminal and laterals This results in deformed trees and reduced growth

55. 3groups: Lepidoptera – Tip Moths Coleoptera - Weevils Coleoptera- Shoot Borers Plantation Insect Pests Terminal and Shoot Insects

56. Pest species of Rhyacionia in the Eastern U.S. Rhyacionia frustrana Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Rhyacionia rigidana Pitch Pine Tip Moth Rhyacionia subtropica Subtropical Pine Tip Moth Rhyacionia buoliana European Pine Shoot Moth

57. R. subtropica (SPTM) black R. buoliana (EPSM) blue R. rigidana (PPTM) orange R. frustrama (NPTM) pink

58. Tip and Shoot Moths Rhyacionia frustrana- most important Very small, grayish/brown moths

59. Rhyacionia Generalized Life Cycle OW as pupae Multiple Generations: 3-4 here 5 in Mobile area? 6 in Florida?

60. Nantucket pine tip moth damage

61. Death of growing tip results in deformed trees and reduced growth rate

62. Heavily Infested Whorl

63. Other tip moths: Rhyacionia neomexicana - Southwestern Pine Tip Moth Rhyacionia bushnelli Western Pine Tip Moth Dioryctria spp. Pine shoot moths - attack shoots and cones Petrova spp Pitch nodule moth

64. Impact of Tip Moths Slow growth of trees Degrade quality, bushy / fork trees Increase rotation times **Most important problem for Christmas Tree growers **Second most important problem of commercial timber producers

65. Management: Site Preparation Chemical Control

66. Control Approaches 1. Calendar sprays of insecticide 2. Timed insecticide applications for adult control 3. Timed insecticide applications to kill larvae Timing is based on pheromone collection of adults and use of temperature-driven degree day models.

67. Tip Moth Control using Pheromone Traps and Temperature-driven Predictive Models Establish Pheromone-baited sticky traps 8-10 traps established throughout Plantation, at least 15 feet apart In our area, traps should be placed according to the dates below: Generation 1 - February 15 Generation 2 - May 15 Generation 3 - July 6 Exam traps daily for moths - When first moth is found in any trap, begin monitoring and recording daily maximum and minimum temperature.

68. When appropriate number of degree days has been reached, spray the next day Generation 1 -- 439 degree days Generation 2 -- 626 degree days Generation 3 (2 sprays) At 480 degree days Again at 840 degree days

69. Insecticides kill young larvae as they hatch from the egg and move to feeding sites. Larva

70. Damaging Species of Pissodes: P. strobi - White Pine Weevil P. approximatus - northern pine weevil P. nemorensis - Deodar Weevil Terminal Weevils

71. Pissodes Adult Weevil – white pine weevil

72. Deodar weevil adult

73. Deodar weevil larva creating chip cocoon

75. Damage caused by Pissodes

76. Weevils kill the last 2 years of terminal growth Repeated attacks cause stunting and deformation Commercially unusable Small trees may be killed

77. Control Control is difficult Pines under a hardwood canopy are seldom attacked Insecticides may protect terminals under some circumstances

78. Shoot Beetles Common Shoot beetle - Tomicus piniperda Discovered in 1992 in Ohio – Introduced from Asia

79. Distribution of Tomicus piniperda Asia: China, Japan. Europe: all countries North America: Canada - South Western Ontario Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, New York. Perfers pines: White, red, jack, Scotch, Austrian but will use spruce and fir

80. Behaves like a weevil, pine beetle and a tip moth Females attracted to stressed trees Lay eggs in galleries; blue stains Larva feed on pholem; killing trees Adults emerge and then feed in shoot tips

81. Larval galleries of Tomicus beetles under bark

82. Shoot damage caused by feeding of Tomicus

83. Shoot exit hole of Tomicus

84. Twig Girdlers and Pruners

86. Woodwasps European woodwasp/Sirex woodwasp - Sirex noctilo Introduction

87. Importance and Distribution

88. Symptoms

90. Life Cycle

91. Fungus & Nematode

92. Population Dynamics & Damage

93. Mgmt & Control Preventative Biological

94. Inoculating Pinus patula with parasitic nematode (D. siricidicola)

95. End of Nursery & Plantation Pests