1. Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Preventing School Violence in Turkey: Good Practices and Innovative Policies
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D.
Hacettepe University
Faculty of Education
Ankara, Turkey
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

2. Number of Schools, Students and Teachers
Type of School
Number of Schools
Number of Students
Number of Teachers
Pre-School
13,692
358,499
19,122
Primary School
36,117
10,479,538
384,029
High School
2,831
1,983,998
86,051
Vocational School
3,681
1,050,394
73,998
Higher Education 72
1,841,546
78,804
Total
56,393
1,5713,975
642,004
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

3. Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Schools in Turkey
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

4. Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
What is violence?
Diffrent deffinitions exists,
Violence in educational environments is a deliberate physical, psychological or social attack or intervention towards students or teachers and result in physical or psychological pain in individuals.
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

5. Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
What is violence?
“the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against onself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation” (WHO)
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

6. SCHOOL VIOLENCE IN TURKEY
INCIDENCE
TOTAL %
Pyhsical Abuse
814
32,9
Alcohol and Drug Abuse 84
3,4
Bullying
491
19,8
Gender Violence 65
2,6
Vandalism
234
9,5
Stealing
184
7,4
Use of Weapons and rifles
196
7,9
Forming Gangs and Gang Membership 27
1,1
Using knifes 47
1,9
Gossiping and Name Calling
323
13,1
Killing at Schools 9
0,4
2474
%100
TOTAL NUMBER of Students who involve
these incedence = 6224
* the data collected after
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

7. Problem Areas in Relation with School Violence in Educational System
Low school attendence
Low rates of primary school completion
High drop-out rates especially for girls
Early marriage for girls
Teen-age pregnancy
Traditional and religious beliefs
Gender stereotypes
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

8. Type of School Based Prevention Programs
Educational
Student Support Services
School – Home – Community Linkages
Environmental / Technological
School Policies and Procedures
The Others
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

9. Type of School Based Prevention Programs: Educational
Pece education
Cooperative learning
Conflict resolution
Peer mediation
Gang prevention / reduction
Crime prevention and law-related education
Handgun violence prevention education
Life skills training / social competence
Relationship / family violence prevention
Prejudice reduction / cultural awareness
Stress management
Positive anger release
Street-smart kids
Personal power
Self-esteem
Dealing with death
Bullying prevention
Aggression reducation
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

10. Type of School Based Prevention Programs: Student Support Services
Mentors and role models
Career exploration
Work experience placement
School-based health clinics
Peer-counseling
Student support groups
Individual counseling
Group counseling
Student leadership
Drop-out prevention
Extracurricular activities
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

11. Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Type of School Based Prevention Programs: School-Home-Community Linkages
Family support programs
Parent-skills training
Volunteer-parent patrols
School-business partnership
Interagency collaborations
School-community task forces
School advisory committees
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

12. Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Type of School Based Prevention Programs: Environmental / Technological
Metal dedectors
Gun-free school zones
Locker search
Bookbag bans
Classroom phones
Safe coridor/safe haven policies
Closed-circuit TV
Dress codes
X-ray machines
Gun and drug sniffing dogs
Locker removal
Closed campuses
Magnetic door locks
Student I.D. cards
School security staff
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

13. Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Type of School Based Prevention Programs: School Policies and Procedures
School safety plans
Zero tolerance policies
Suspension, expulsion and formal charges
Staff development
Multicultural awareness
Sensitivity training
Gang elimination procedures
Student / staff conduct discipline codes
Student arbitration boards
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

14. Type of School Based Prevention Programs: The Others
Alternative curriculums
Alternative schools
Improvements to school campuses
Youth crime watch
Crisis management teams
Violence hotlines
Student speak-outs
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

15. School violence prevention: What works?
Perspective-taking
Problem-solving
Family behavior management
Family problem-solving
Decreasing gun access
Decrasing media violence
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

16. School violence prevention: What doesn’t works?
Scare tactics
Didactic programs
Programs focusing only on self-esteem
Segregating aggressive / antisocial students
Programs focusing only on anger-management
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

17. School violence prevention: What’s promising / limited testing?
Peer mediation
Mentoring
Social skills training
Classroom-management techniques
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

18. Current Efforts for Preventing Violence at Schools in Turkey
REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION
PREVENTING AND REDUCING
VIOLENCE IN EDUCATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS
STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN
( )
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

19. Main Strategies in “Strategy and Action Plan”
An information based management notion
A multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary approach
Holistic approach
Developmental approach
Prevention, protection and intervention approach
Capacity building
Sustainability of services
Monitoring and Evaluation
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

20. Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Intervention Areas
I. Management process
II. Teachers and school administrators
III. Students
IV. Educational environment and its surroundings
V. Familiy
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

21. Social Strategy Violence Prevention Service Delivery
Shared responsibility
Increased role for professions
Multi-disciplinary
Multi-skilled, dedifferentiated work force
Increased outreach from traditional specialty base
Linkages with Employment
Linkages with Health
Linkages with Social Services
Voluntary Organizations
FOCUS
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

22. Strategic Framework: School Violence Promotation
Most policy initiatives are concerned predominantly on treatment and prevention of school violence interventions
Need to focus on “protective factors” that have a mediating role on impact of stressful life events, e.g., response to trauma or loss
Need a strategic framework for School Violence promotion to strike a balance between reducing risk factors and strengthening positive protective factors
Strengthening “resilience” within the school
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

23. Meeting the Needs: Vision
SCHOOL VIOLENCE PROMOTION
PREVENTION
INTER-SECTORAL
AND COMMUNITY
SERVICES
CLINICAL
INDIVIDUAL WORK
Diverse Agenda:
Promotion and public education
Primary Prevention
Social Supports
Intersectoral linkages
Community Services
Specialist Services
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

24. School Violence Prevention Work Essentials
Change
Concepts
Research
Outcomes
Stakeholders
Domains
Provision
Resources
Context
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

25. A Five-Year Perspective
Time to overcome:
Community scepticism
Political concerns
Bureaucratic concerns
Professional resistance
Scarce resources
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

26. Social Strategy Educational Service Delivery
Shared responsibility
Increased role for Student Personnel Services (School counselors, school psychologists)
Multi-disciplinary
Multi-skilled, dedifferentiated work force
Linkages with Employment
Linkages with Health
Linkages with Social Services
Voluntary Organizations
FOCUS
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

27. Three Key Elements in School Violence Prevention Effords
Knowledge base
Social strategies
Political will
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

28. Key Element 1: School Violence Prevention
Knowledge Base
Evidence Based Research
Causal and Risk Mechanisms
Clinical Effectiveness of Interventions
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

29. Individuals shape organizations
Individuals who
practice
evidence-based
decision making
Evidence-based
organizations
Organizations facilitate the development of individuals
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

30. Key Element 2 School Violence Prevention
Social Strategies
Central level
Provincial level
Community level
Individual and Family level
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

31. Key Element 3 School Violence Prevention
Political Will
Priorities
Stewardship
Justice
Vision
Political
Will
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

32. Dimensions of Public Policy
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

33. Preventing School Violence: Good Practices and Innovative Policies
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D.
Assoc. Prof.
Hacettepe University
Faculty of Education
Department of Educational Sciences
Program of Counseling and Guidance
0653, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
Phone:
Fax:
Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey