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Published byCandace Cowlishaw Modified over 3 years ago
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Early beginnings 1665 - Robert Hooke - described “cells” 1676 - Leuwenhoek - described microbes 1683 - Leuwenhoek - published first drawings of bacteria from the mouth
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“Cell theory” 19th century Schlieden (botanist) & Schwann (zoologist) Cell Theory –organisms composed of one or more cells –the cell is the smallest unit of life –continuity of life is from the growth and division of cells
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Basic cell Common features of prokaryotic and eucaryotic cells –Plasma membrane –DNA –Cytoplasm
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Prokaryotes Pro - “before” & karyote - “nucleus” –no nucleus plasma membrane cell wall capsule flagella pili
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Eucaryotes Eu - “true” & caryote - “nucleus” –contain a nuclear membrane bound nucleus plasma membrane cytosol cytomembrane system –Endoplasmic reticulum –Golgi bodies –Vesicles
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Plasma membrane Barrier between the outside world and the inside world of the cell composed of phospholipids arranged in a bilayer (see Figure 11.11)Figure 11.11 Selectively permeable
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Phospholipid bilayer
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Cytoskeleton Figure 1.20 Structure –Actin, intermediate filaments, microtubules –Protein Function –Structural integrity –Organization –Motility
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Cytoskeleton
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Mitochondria Figure 1.11 “Cellular Power Plant” Structure –Double membrane -outer membrane & inner membrane Function –Oxidize food to produce ATP –Site of aerobic respiration
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Mitochondrion
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Chloroplast Figure 1.13 Structure –double membrane - outer membrane & thylakoid membrane Function –Site of photosynthesis
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Chloroplast
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Central Vacuole Plants only Structure –Membrane bound Function –Storeage
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Summary Nucleus - localize chromosomes ER –sER - synthesize lipid –rER - assemble polypeptides Golgi bodies - modify and transport protein and lipids Vesicles - transport Mitochondrion - synthesize ATP
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Non - membranous structures Ribosomes - assemble polypeptides Cytoskeleton –Structural –Organizational –Motility
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Light microscope Brightfield microscopy –illumination source - light –resolution proportional to 1/2 wavelength –practical resolution > 500nm –usually requires some type of staining –see Panel 1.1Panel 1.1
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Brightfield microscopy Variations –Darkfield object appears bright on a dark background –Phase contrast can view organelles without staining –see Panel 1.1Panel 1.1
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Fluorescent microscope Source of illumination - UV light or short wave visible wavelengths Requires a fluorochrome stain Excitation wavelength - UV Emission wavelength - longer wavelength –usually in visible light range See Panel 1.1Panel 1.1
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Electron microscope Source of illumination - electron beam Types of electron microscopes –transmission - TEM resolution 2nm see Panel 1.1Panel 1.1 –scanning - SEM resolution 3-20nm See Panel 1.1Panel 1.1
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Newer microscopes Confocal microscope –uses laser light to “virtually” dissect specimen Atomic Force Microscope –Extremely high resolution –can view living organisms –Website http://www.mih.unibas.ch/Booklet/Booklet96/C hapter3/Chapter3.html http://www.mih.unibas.ch/Booklet/Booklet96/C hapter3/Chapter3.html
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Cell size Small spheres have a greater surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) than large spheres Surface area to volume ratio influences exchange of nutrients and waste products from a cell. The smaller the SA:V, the greater the rate of exchange!
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