1. Supraglottic Glottic Subglottic
Vegitative function
Voiced/Voiceless
5 layers of tissue
Supraglottic Glottic Subglottic

2. Aerodynamic Myoelastic Theory: vibration of the vocal folds is the product of air flow and pressure through a constricted tube interacting with the elastic component of muscle tissue in absence of repetitive muscular contraction
Bernoulli Principle: given a constant volume flow of air or fluid, at a point of constriction there will be decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in velocity of the flow

3. Phases: Opening Open Closing Closed
One Vocal Fold Cycle
Sustained Phonation: The interaction of subglottal pressure, tissue elasticity, and constriction as long as pressure flow and vocal fold approximation are maintained

4. Cartilages of the Larynx
Cuneiform Cartilage
Structures connected by intrinsic ligaments and membranes

5. Fibroelastic Membrane
Upper quadrangular membranes
Aryepiglottic folds
Lower conus elasticus
Vocal ligament

6. Pyriform Sinus: valley lateral to the vocal folds
Valleculae: a valley found between the base of the tongue and epiglottis within folds arising from the glossoepiglottic ligaments
Pyriform Sinus: valley lateral to the vocal folds

7. Cover: 1,2,3 Body: 4,5 Mucosal Lining: 1,2 Vocal Ligament: 3,4
Muscle: 5
5 Layers of Tissue:
Squamous cell epithelium
Lamina propria
elastin fibers-random
elastin fibers-ap
collagen fibers-ap
Thyrovocalis muscle

8. Spaces
Aditus: entry to the larynx from the pharynx above, entryway to the first cavity
Vestibule: first cavity of the larynx, between aditus and ventricular/vestibular folds
Laryngeal ventricle: space between the ventricular folds and vocal folds
Glottis: space between the vocal folds

10. The arytenoid cartilages sit on the superior surface of the cricoid
The arytenoid cartilages sit on the superior surface of the cricoid. The cricoarytenoid joint permits rotation, rocking, and gliding.

11. Hyoid Bone: Only bone in the body that is not attached to other bone
Supra hyoid: laryngeal elevators Infra hyoid: laryngeal depressors

12. Cricothyroid Joint: contraction of the cricothyroid muscle, the effect is to tense the vocal folds

13. Articular facet of the arytenoid cartilage permits inward rocking, ap gliding, and rotation.

14. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

15. Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Adductors Innervation: Recurrent Branch of X Vagus
LCA: draws muscular process forward, this rocks the arytenoids inward and downward creating adduction
TA: pulls the arytenoids together approximating VF, important in medial compression (degree of force applied by the vocal folds at their point of contact)
OA: pulls apex of arytenoid medially which promotes adduction, enforces medial compression, rocks arytenoids down and in, aids in pulling the epiglottis over the larynx, serves tight adduction

16. Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Abductor Innervation: Recurrent Branch of X Vagus
PCA: pulls muscular process posteriorly, abducts vocal folds, direct antagonist to LCA

17. Glottal Tensors
CT: rocks the thyroid cartilage downward (pars recta) and forward (pars oblique) thus stretching or tensing the vocal folds, this is the major adjustment for pitch change Inn. Superior Branch of X Vagus
ThyV: medial muscle of vocal folds, tenses vocal folds in its activity as antagonist to CT Inn. Recurrent Branch of Vagus

18. Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Relaxers Innervation: Recurrent Branch of X Vagus
ThyM: may be considered part of ThyA, lateral to TV
Lateral fibers of TM adduct and lengthen VF
Medial fibers relax VF
Sup ThyA: Some consider part of TM
- Relaxes VF

19. Lateral Cricoaryteniod Muscle

20. Interaryteniod Muscles
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles

21. Cricothyroid Muscle

22. Thyroarytenoid Muscles

23. Abduction
and
Adduction

24. Vocal Fold Contraction Movement due to the Cricothyroid M.

25. Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Supra Hyoid Laryngeal Elevators

26. Supra Hyoid Laryngeal Elevators
Digastric: elevate the hyoid, can pull mandible inferiorly if infrahyoids are fixed
Anterior: draw the hyoid up and forward, Inn. V Trigeminal
Posterior: draw the hyoid up and back, Inn. V11 Facial
Stylohyoid: elevates and retracts hyoid bone, with anchoring of infrahyoids could facilitate tongue movement Inn. V11 Facial

27. Supra Hyoid Laryngeal Elevators
Mylohyoid: forms the floor or the oral cavity, elevates hyoid and projects it forward, elevation of the floor of the mouth during the first stage of deglutition, depress mandible with IH fixed Inn. V Trigeminal
Geniohyoid: superior to mylohyoid, elevates hyoid, draws it forward, depress mandible with IH fixed Inn. XII Hypoglossal

28. Supra Hyoid Laryngeal Elevators
Hyoglossus: lingual depressor or hyoid elevator Inn. XII hypoglossal
Genioglossus: muscle of the tongue which will elevate the hyoid Inn. XII Hypoglossal
Thyropharyngeus: part of inferior constrictor m., propels food through the pharynx, elevates larynx and constricts pharynx, not a SH m Inn. ansa cervicalis arising from C1-C3 spinal nerves

29. Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Infra Hyoid
Laryngeal Depressors

30. Infra Hyoid Laryngeal Depressors
Sternohyoid: depress hyoid, lowering important following pharyngeal stage of swallow, with SH m. are contracted it will fix hyoid and larynx Inn. ansa cervicallis C1-C3
Omohyoid: two bellies scapula to hyoid, depress hyoid and larynx Inn. ansa cervicalis C1 (sup) C2 and C3 (inf)

31. Infra Hyoid Laryngeal Depressors
Sternothyroid: depress thyroid cartilage, draws larynx inferiorly following pharyngeal stage of swallow Inn. spinal nerves from C1 and C2 that course in the hypoglossal nerves
Thyrohyoid: superior counterpart of sternothyroid, either depress hyoid or raise larynx depending on who is fixed Inn. spinal nerves from C1 that course in hypoglossal nerve

32. Oscillation: continued vibration
Elasticity: return to original shape after being displaced
Stiffness: strength of the forces held within a given material that restores it to its original shape after being distended
Inertia: property of mass that dictates that a body in motion tends to stay in motion
Periodic: repeats itself in a predictable fashion
Cycle of Vibration: moving from one point in the vibratory pattern to the same point
Period: the time it takes to pass through one cycle of vibration

33. Frequency: how often something occurs, how often a cycle of vibration repeats itself, frequency equals 1 divided by the time it takes for one period
f=1/T: T=1/f
Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) which is the numbers of cycles per second

34. Vocal Fundamental Frequency
The primary frequency of vibration: Fo Hz
Harmonics (Ho) are multiples of this Fo ,300,400,500HZ
Formant Frequencies are vocal tract resonances, do not relate to the Fo or Ho HzF HzF2

35. Vocal Intensity Relative power or pressure of an acoustic signal
Direct function of the amount of pressure exerted by the sound wave
Measured in decibles (dB)

36. Vegitative Function Laryngeal Postures Cough Throat Clearing Swallow
Abdominal Fixation
Laryngeal Postures

37. Vocal Attack
Attack: the process of bringing vocal folds together to begin phonation
Simultaneous vocal attack: coordinate adduction and onset of respiration
Breathy Vocal Attack: starting significant air flow before adducting the vocal folds
Glottal Attack: adduction of the vocal folds occurs prior to air flow, hard glottal attack may damage vocal tissues

38. Vocal Register: differences in mode of vibration of vocal folds
Register/Mode
Vocal Register: differences in mode of vibration of vocal folds
Mode of Vibration: pattern of activity that the vocal folds undergo during a cycle of vibration, varies for each register
VF variation dependent on laryngeal tension, medial compression subglottal pressure

39. Registers Modal: the pattern of phonation used in daily conversation
Pressed: medial compression is greatly increased, strident or harsh quality, vocal abuse
Breathy : inadaquate closure in closed phase, inefficient with air wastage

41. Registers
Glottal Fry: different or syncopated vibration in low frequency, rough perceptually, low subglottal pressure, reduced vocalis tension, vibrating margin flaccid and thick, strong medial compression due to lateral portion of vocal fold is tensed, long closed cycle
Falcetto: elevated pitch, breathy, vocal folds lengthen and are thin, glottis remains open, no closed cycle

42. Whispering Not a phonatory mode VF partially adducted and tense
Produces turbulent air stream
Enlarged space in cartilagenous larynx
Breathy vs tense whisper

43. Verticle and Transverse Phase Relationships During One Glottic Cycle
Vetricle Transverse
Transverse Phase: less consistent, opening posterior to anterior, closing posterior is last
Verticle and Transverse Phase Relationships During One Glottic Cycle
Verticle Phase:opening and closing is inferior to superior

44. Frequency, Pitch, Pitch Change
Perceptual correlate of frequency
Important element in speech perception
Change is perceived when mass of VF and elastic elements change
Increase by stretching and tensing VF using cricothyroid and vocalis m.

45. Frequency, Pitch, Pitch Change
Optimal Pitch
Most appropriate for an individual
Function of mass and elasticity of VF
About ¼ octave above the lowest frequency of vibration
Function of gender and age

46. Frequency, Pitch, Pitch Change
Habitual Pitch: frequency of vibration of the vocal folds habitually used during speech, ideally same as optimal pitch
Average Fundamental Frequency: frequency of vibration of sustained phonation, best determined in a conversational sample
Pitch Range: individual Fo range calculated as difference between lowest and highest frequencies averages around 2 octaves

47. Tension, Length, Mass of VF
Tension increased by contraction of the CT and TV, will increase Fo vibration
Mass per unit length is decreased by lengthening the VF, as mass decreases Fo increases
Mass per unit length increases, tension decreases and Fo decreases
Increased Fo requires increased tension which requires increased subglottic pressure

49. Intensity and Intensity Change
Intensity (SPL): physical measure of power or pressure ratios
Loudness: perceptual correlate of intensity, how we perceive pressure or power changes
Subglottal Pressure: increased to increase vocal intensity
Medial Compression: increased to increase vocal intensity

50. Impedance Measurements on EGG
Longer Closed Phase = Increased Intensity = Increased VF tension, Mass, and Subglottal Pressure
Conversation Level Sustained Vowel
Loud Sustained Vowel

51. Sustained Vowel at Two Intensities

52. Perturbation
Frequency: cycle to cycle variability, vocal jitter, measured in % of differences compared to the average period
Intensity: cycle to cycle variability, vocal shimmer

53. Other Measures
Maximum Phonation Time: the duration of phonation an individual is capable of sustaining, indication of phonatory plus respiratory efficiency
Diadokokinesis: alternation of articulators (alternate motion rate-AMR), coordination of the phonatory and articulatory system

54. Linguistic Aspects
Suprasegmentals: parameters of speech above the phonetic level
Prosody: the system of stress used to vary meaning in speech
Pitch, intonation, loudness, stress, duration and rhythm

55. Prosody essential for naturalness
Intonation: Changes in pitch in speech
Stress: Emphasis to syllables or words through frequency and intensity changes, needs greater increase in subglottal pressure
Monotone: monopitch or monoloudness affect naturalness

56. Fo and Io changes during a question
Declarative
Interrogative
Fo and Io changes during a question