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Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Dr David Coleman Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin Dublin
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Cyanotic Lesions The T’s: ♥ Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
♥ Tetralogy of Fallot (± pulmonary atresia) ♥ Tricuspid atresia ♥ Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
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Other Cyanotic Lesions
♥ Critical PS ♥ Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
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Common Causes of Cyanosis
♥ Reduced pulmonary blood flow: eg critical PS/pulmonary atresia tricuspid atresia ♥ Intracardiac mixing: eg TAPVR double inlet left ventricle
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Complications of Persistent Cyanosis
include: ♥ polycythaemia ♥ relative anaemia ♥ CNS abscess ♥ thromboembolic stroke ♥ clubbing ♥ infection ♥ poor growth
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TGA ♥ Parallel circulations ♥ Can mix at 3 levels: PDA PFO/ASD
VSD if present ♥ Life threatening cyanosis as neonate ♥ Exam: single S2 (anterior aorta) often no murmur (esp if no VSD)
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TGA ♥ Treatment: Acute: PGE infusion to keep PDA open
Balloon atrioseptostomy Surgical: Arterial Switch operation ♥ Atrial switch operation (Mustard, Senning) was performed before Arterial Switch operation became available
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Tetralogy of Fallot ♥ Most common form of cyanotic CHD (8-10% CHD)
♥ 4 cardinal features: VSD (usually large), overriding aorta, subpulmonary stenosis, RVH ♥ Can be pink initially (‘pink tet’) and have CHF, but develop increasing cyanosis over months ♥ May develop ‘cyanotic spells’
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Tetralogy of Fallot ♥ Exam: pink or cyanosis to some degree
± finger clubbing loud ESM along LSE single ± loud S2 ♥ ECG: RAD, RVH
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Tetralogy of Fallot ♥ CXR: normal heart size pulmonary oligaemia
deficient MPA segment ‘boot shaped heart’ ± right aortic arch (~25%) ♥ Treatment: surgical repair 1st yr of life (occasionally shunt initially)
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Pulmonary Atresia ♥ Atretic pulmonary valve, hypoplastic RV, ± VSD
♥ Progressive cyanosis as PDA closes ♥ Exam: single S2 ± systolic murmur ♥ ECG: RAD, RVH ♥ CXR: cardiomegaly (if collaterals+) absent MPA segment
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Pulmonary Atresia ♥ Treatment: shunt pulmonary valvuloplasty
Fontan operation ♥ Mixed prognosis
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HLHS ♥ Underdeveloped left heart: hypoplastic or atretic mitral valve
small LV hypoplastic or atretic aortic valve small ascending aorta CoA ♥ Systemic flow via PDA (right-to-left) ♥ May present with cardiovascular collapse when PDA closes (hypoxia, acidosis, death)
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HLHS ♥ Exam: ‘ashen’ colour (low CO) cyanotic
weak/no brachial & femoral pulses single S2 often no murmur ♥ ECG: RVH ♥ CXR: ± cardiomegaly ± pulmonary plethora
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HLHS ♥ Treatment: palliative care or
Norwood procedure/bidirectional Glenn anastomosis/Fontan procedure ?cardiac transplant ♥ Fetal diagnosis
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