1. Viola and the Heavy Elements W. Loveland Oregon State University

2. Vic’s Contributions to the Heavy Element Field Vic’s Nucleus Systematics of the properties of the heaviest elements TKE release in fission Linear Momentum Transfer Transfer Product Yields

3. Vic’s Nucleus--The “Union Card” Grad student in the Seaborg group Numerous important contributions 226 U Current data t 1/2 =0.35 s, E  =7.57 MeV

4. Systematics of the properties of the heaviest elements Masses, Q , Q  V.E. Viola, Jr. and G.T. Seaborg, J. Inorg Nucl.Chem. 28, 697 (1966). V.E. Viola, Jr., J. A. Swant, and J. Graber, At. Data and Nucl Data Tables 13, 35 (1974). (Z=50-118, A=130-311) Lifetimes V.E. Viola, Jr. and G.T. Seaborg, J. Inorg. Nucl Chem. 28, 741 (1966) V.E. Viola, Jr. and B.D. Wilkins, Nucl. Phys. 82, 65 (1966)

8. TKE Release in Fission V.E. Viola, Jr. Nucl. Data A1, 391 (1966) V.E. Viola, K. Kwiatkowski, and M. Walker, Phys. Rev. C 31 1550 (1985). Simple-Minded Approach Simple fit to the data Pocket formula Viola Systematics-1966 Viola systematics-1985 Note limits on range of applicability

10. Physics Issues r 0 ~ 1.8  2R + D D  Initial Kinetic Energy of Fragments

12. New Developments

13. Linear Momentum Transfer T. Sikkeland, E.L. Haines, and V.E. Viola, Jr., Phys. Rev 125, 1350 (1962) V,E. Viola, et al., Phys, Rev. C 26,178 (1982). p frag p CN /2 Diagnostic for the occurrence of incomplete fusion A tool to study the mechanism of intermediate energy colliisions

16. Transfer Product Yields

17. Heavy Element Synthesis

18. Search for Element 112 in the 238 U( 48 Ca,3n) Reaction Y.T. Oganessian et al. reported (Eur. J. Phys A5, 63 (1999)) 231 MeV 48 Ca + 238 U  286 112  283 112  SF Two events were observed (t ½ = 81 (+147, -32) s) Dose = 3.5 x 10 18,  = 5.0 (+6.3, - 3.2) pb Somewhat unexpected decay mode

19. What is so special about 283 112 and its synthesis? 283 112 occurs in the decay of 291 116 formed in the 245 Cm + 48 Ca reaction. 283 112 occurs in the decay of 287 114 formed in the 244 Pu + 48 Ca reaction. 283 112 should be the most easily reachable hot fusion product.

20. Chronology of Studies of 238 U( 48 Ca,3n) 283 112 Reaction 1999--Vassilissa group reports synthesis of 283 112 with  ~ 5 pb, t 1/2 ~ 3 m, decay =SF, E lab =231 MeV 2002--BGS group fails to find 283 112,  upper ~ 0.9 pb, 0<t 1/2 <1000s, decay = ,SF, E beam =231 MeV 2004--Vassilissa group fails to find 283 112 at E beam ~ 231 MeV,  upper ~ 2.2 pb. 2004--Vassilissa group finds 283 112 at E beam ~ 234 MeV,  ~ 4 pb, t 1/2 ~5.1 m, decay = SF 2004--DGFRS group fails to find 5 min SF activity, says 283 112 is an  -emitter with t 1/2 ~ 6 s (produces this nucleus directly and in decay of 291 116 and 287 114.) 2004--BGS group tries again to make 283 112 at E beam ~ 236 MeV without success. 2005--Swiss group fails to confirm DGFRS or Vassilisa results 2005--GSI group fails to confirm DGFRS or VASSILISSA results but finds one event (t~7 s, decay =SF,  =0.5 pb)--disagrees with everyone.

21. Summary of BGS Experiments

22. RESULTS NO SF events in any irradiation No EVR-  -  correlations ( T < 20 s) in any irradiation.

24. Summary of Experiments Vassilissa group 283 112 is SF nucleus, with t 1/2 ~ 5 min,  ~ 4 pb DGFRS group 283 112 is  emitter (SF < 10%), t 1/2 = 6 s,  ~ 2.5 pb GSI group 283 112 is SF nucleus, t 1/2 ~ 5 s,  ~ 0.7 pb BGS group 283 112 not found,  upper ~ 0.9 pb

26. Thanks, Vic