1. Propagating Plants Sexually

2. Interest Approach zTake a look at the variety of tulips below zWhy is variety of great importance? zHow do you get varieties in plants? zHow has genetic variation impacted our world food resources? Courtesy of Breck’s

3. Vocabulary zDirect seeding zDormant zEmbryo plant zGermination zHybrid zIndirect seeding zMedium zPlanting date zScarification zSeedling plant zSexual reproduction zStratification zTurgor zViability zVigor zZygote

4. Student Objectives z1. Discuss the importance of sexual propagation of plants z2. Describe the process of seed germination z3. Describe the factors involved in planting seeds for transplanting z4. Explain how to successfully direct seed outdoors

5. Propagation - Overview zSexual – Seeds zAsexual – yRooted Cuttings yDivisions yLayering yGrafting yTissue Culture; Micropropagation

6. How Does the Ability to Sexually Produce Seeds Benefit a Plant? zSexual reproduction in plants involves the union of the male pollen with the female egg and results in the formation of a seed yEnables new combinations of genetic information that may add vigor to the developing young plant yThe seed is a living entity that serves as a bridge between generations of a plant

7. zThe embryo plant is a little plant that eventually grows and develops into a mature plant yThe embryo along with the endosperm (stored food) is inside the seed xIt is protected by a seed coat from injury and dehydration until it is ready to germinate Endosperm Embryo Seed coat Seed Courtesy of Corinne Banowski

8. zThe embryo plant within a seed is the result of a fertilized egg or zygote yThe zygote is the combination of genes from the male sperm and the female egg yThe plant resulting from this new combination of genes is known as a hybrid xHorticultural crops have been greatly improved through hundreds of centuries of hybridization Today’s crops have larger flowers, longer lasting flowers, and more flower colors than years ago

11. What Is Germination and What Conditions Are Necessary for Growth? zWhen a seed is not growing, it is said to be dormant zGermination is the process by which an embryo plant grows into a seedling yIt occurs at the end of the dormancy stage when conditions are favorable for plant growth yThe seedling plant has a root system, stem and leaves to produce food necessary for the young, actively growing plant

12. zMany important crops are grown from seed yCorn, cotton, bedding plants, vegetables, and many greenhouse crops yA high percentage of germination is important Corn Cotton Courtesy of McGraw Hill Publishers

13. zSome plants produce seeds which germinate immediately, others produce seeds that remain dormant, perhaps for years, until the conditions are correct zThe optimal conditions needed for plant growth include proper temperature, moisture, light and oxygen

14. Germination Conditions zThe first important step in germination is usually the absorption of water yWater enters the seed by osmosis xIt causes the seed to expand and create pressure within the seed This pressure is known as turgor and it causes the seed coat to rupture xThrough this split in the seed coat, the radicle or primary root will emerge and form the root system of the new plant

15. yWater also stimulates the production of plant hormones that begin the process of digestion to provide energy for the embryo xThese hormones also cause mitosis (cell division) to occur This produces the radicle in order to absorb more water and nutrients for the new plant zSeeds of different species germinate at a range of temperatures from 32 0 F and 104 0 F yThe optimum range for most plant seeds is between 65 0 to 80 0 F

16. zAll seeds need oxygen to germinate yOxygen is necessary for aerobic respiration that is required for the growth and development of the embryo yIt is important for the soil to not be too wet xThis will prevent oxygen from entering the soil which will result in the death of the embryo zSeeds of some plants need exposure to light before they will germinate; Others do not

17. zThere are two additional mechanisms affecting germination in certain plant seeds: yA) stratification – this process requires a period of cold temperatures xIt is especially important for plants that produce their fruit in the fall such as apples, pears, roses, and lilies If their seeds immediately germinated, they will die from the cold winter temperatures Instead, their seeds remain dormant until the warmer temperatures of spring

18. yB) scarification – results from the breaking down of the seed coat xNormally the tough protective coat prevents diffusion of both water & oxygen into the seed, so the coat needs to be broken xSome seed coats are broken down by the stomach acid of an animal which eats the seeds xOther methods of breaking the coat include continuous freezing & thawing, chewing, soil micro organisms, being stepped on, etc xExamples of plants requiring scarification include geraniums, lupine, and canna

19. Scarification Methods Courtesy of Interstate Publishers

20. What Factors Are Necessary for Growing Plants Indoors? zSeeds can be planted indoors until they grow into seedlings which are then transplanted into larger containers or their permanent growing areas yThis is known as indirect seeding yMoisture, temperature, light and oxygen affect the growth of these plants indoors

21. zIt is important to start with a good quality seed; This will ensure that the desired plant will be produced yIt should be clean or free of dirt and weed seeds ySeed quality also includes viability and vigor xViability = the ability of seeds to germinate under optimum conditions xVigor = the ability of seeds to germinate under different conditions and still produce healthy seedlings

22. zSeeds can be planted indoors to increase the length of the growing season, increase production and for economy of space yThey may be planted in flats or containers of germinating media xGerminating medium is the material which is a source of nutrients and holds the roots in place for the growing plant Courtesy of Delmar Publishers

23. Steps in Planting Seeds Indoors z1. Start with clean containers having drainage holes z2. Fill with media & level it z3. Moisten the media so it is damp but not soaked z4. Plant the seeds according to the depth on the package z5. Label the flat with the seed variety & date of sowing z6. If using flats, sow the seeds in rows to reduce disease z7. Maintain proper temperature. This is usually between 65 0 to 80 0 F z8. Water the seeds lightly from the top using a sprayer or mister yUse warm not hot or cold water z9. Cover the seeds with plastic or glass to maintain high humidity; remove it when the seeds germinate

24. Indirect Seeding Continued zThe developing seedlings require higher amounts of oxygen, therefore, the media must be porous (having air spaces) zAvoid over-watering because this reduces the amount of oxygen available to the seedling zWhen the seedling has developed its first true leaves, it should be transplanted to a larger container yTake care in handling the seedlings. They should be held by their leaves not the stem

26. Transplanting Process zTransplanting is a shock to the plant seedling and should be done soon after the first true leaves develop y1. Make a hole in the new media with a dibble, stick, or forefinger and place the seedling in the hole at the depth slightly below the former depth y2. Compress the media lightly around the roots and stem of the seedling y3. Water and place the seedling in the shade to help prevent wilting y4. After recovery, the seedling should be placed in proper lighting and watered to promote good health

27. What Factors Affect the Growth of Direct Seeded Plants? zMany flowers, vegetables and grass seeds are planted directly into the soil outdoors in their permanent location yThis is known as direct seeding yFactors that should be considered for this process include site selection, seed bed preparation, planting date, planting depth & spacing and care of the seedlings

28. Direct Seeding Factors z1. The site should have sufficient light for the plants to grow ySoil drainage is important and water should drain from the soil surface after a rainfall z2. The soil needs to be loose, fine textured, and not compacted to allow for adequate moisture and aeration in seed germination and growth yThe beds should also be free of weeds that would compete with the seeds for oxygen, water and light z3. The planting date is the date to plant seeds based on optimal soil temperature for seed germination.

29. yThe date is also influenced by the time of maturity, harvest dates of vegetables and peak bloom dates of flowers z4. Seeds should be sown at recommended planting depths and spacing yA general rule, if the planting depth is unknown, is to plants seeds at a depth of three to four times their greatest thickness ySome commercial crops require specific spacing xExample, sweet corn is planted in rows 30” to 40” apart z5. New seedlings will need a sufficient supply of water, oxygen and light yIt is also important to control weeds

30. Summary zHow is sexual reproduction beneficial to plants? zWhat is another name for a fertilized egg? zDefine hybrid. zWhen a seeds is not germinating, what stage is it in? zHow is a seedling plant different from an embryo plant? zDefine germination zWhat is turgor?

31. Summary Continued zWhat factors affect the rate of germination? zWhat is the difference between stratification and scarification? zContrast viability and vigor. zDescribe how to indirectly seed a plant. zWhat factors affect the direct seeding of a plant?