1. NBYM 2006 A major proton event of 2005 January 20: propagating supershock or superflare? V. Grechnev 1, V. Kurt 2, A. Uralov 1, H.Nakajima 3, A. Altyntsev 1, L. Kashapova 1, N. Meshalkina 1 et al. 1 Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Irkutsk 2 Moscow State University, Moscow 3 Nobeyama Radio Observatory, Nobeyama

2. The event of 2005 January 20 Speedest (>5000 km/s) CME ever registered with LASCO @ 4.4R  (06:54 UT) Protons >700 cm -2 s -1 sr -1 with E>100 MeV came soon GLE of 277 %, largest in the 23 th cycle  -ray emission X7.1/2B Microwave flux ~ 10 5 sfu SXR Protons

3. Problem in question Gopalswamy et al. (2005, 29 th ICRC, 101): common shock origin for type II radio bursts and GLEs Simnett (2006, A&A 445, 715): CME was not responsible for the relativistic ion acceleration ¿Where high-energy protons were accelerated?

4. Available data The event observed in X-rays and  -rays: Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) non-imaging Solar Neutron and Gamma spectrometer (SONG) on board CORONAS-F spacecraft from 06:43:30 on  -rays up to 100 MeV TRACE in 1600 Å line from 06:53:30 on Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters (NoRP) No NoRH observations (too late)

5. HXR and  -ray time profiles TRACE RHESSI SONG HXR and  -ray time profiles

6. RHESSI/HXR & SXR, TRACE 1600 Å Background: TRACE 1600 Å. No images between 06:18 and 06:52:30 Red: RHESSI SXR Blue: RHESSI HXR (50-100 kev?) GOES/SXI: Movie: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a003100/a003161/http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a003100/a003161/

7. Comparison of TRACE 1600 Å and HXR 50-100 keV images One can expect correlation of bright kernels in TRACE 1600 Å and HXR This can be used for coalignment The interval of 06:52:30-06:57 Variance and averaged images  06:52 06:5706:47

8. Ribbons in TRACE 1600 Å images Variance map Time profiles Averaged image

9. Outcome from TRACE 1600 Å images: 8 bright kernels at the outer parts of ribbons 4 regions with well-pronounced counterparts  4 loops: Formation of a usual (low) arcade Try to compare with RHESSI 50-100 keV images 

10. Comparison of 1600 Å and HXR bright kernels White: 50-100 keV kernels Black: 1600 Å kernels Bottom: shift +7 .5, -10 .5  satisfactory coalignment Now we can find relative positions of sunspots, ribbons, and X-ray sources 

11. Relative positions of sunspots, ribbons, and X-ray sources Ribbons crossed sunspots Large SXR loop-like structure White Light 6-12 keV 50-100 keV 1600 Å ribbon

12. 50-100 keV RHESSI images N-footpoint fixed S-footpoint moves eastwards HXR are weaker from N-footpoint  B N-foot > B S-foot, N-footpoint needs more counterparts N S

13. Evolution of AR 10720 Magnetograms: one week of SOHO/MDI observations, Jan 12-20 All images “co- rotated” to Jan 15, 00 UT  B > 2000 G in N- polarity sunspot B = 1800 G overturn

14. NoRP data Note: Y scales in 10 3 sfu Stokes I Stokes V Source A Source B

15. NoRP spectra peak, GHz   Flux, 10 3 sfu Frequency, GHz

16. NoRP data suggest Source A: 35 GHz 2000 G Source B: peak < 35 GHz in S-polarity region, first in weaker sunspot, then moved eastwards One or two more sources in weaker magnetic fields   -(0.6-1.3)    1.8-2.5 Microwave emission was produced by large amount of hard electrons in strong magnetic fields Source B Source A

17. SXR GOES data Loop: h=50 Mm, l=2.6 Mm, d=0.9 Mm, V=8·10 27 cm 3 Neupert effect & trapping: GOES 12 GOES 10 GOES/SXI  300-800 keV 34 GHz 17 GHz d/dt(GOES 1-8 Å) Ne T EM

18. Features of the event Long bundle of loops rooted in sunspots Trapping & harder microwaves  large mirroring expectable in a large loop Many accelerated particles (estimated from microwave fluxes) Strong magnetic fields

19. HXR &  -ray images and spectrum  = 2.7 – softer than microwaves suggest Nuclear lines 0.51 & 2.2 MeV All images are confined to the active region

20. Ground-Level Enhancement Perfect coincidence No dispersion with respect to  -rays Delay of ~380 s Solar wind disturbed (ACE: ~800 km/s) - path length longer Leading edge was a bunch of ultrarelativistic protons

21. Conclusion 2.2 MeV line is due to collisions of MeV-energy protons with dense layers The 2.2 MeV source image is located in region of closed magnetic structures Protons from remote outer source have no access into the closed structures in AR  Protons could be accelerated only in AR On the other hand, protons accelerated in the current sheet are injected both down and up, and the latter reach the Earth to produce GLE

22. Was this event exceptional? Date Peak 35 GHz 80 GHz Protons GLE Position Flare L&B Gopal 1990-04-15 02:59 19615 No data N32E57 X1.4 1990-05-21 22:14 37913 29083 + + N35W36 X5.5 + 1991-03-22 22:44 122522 12469 + S26E28 X9.4 + 1991-03-29 06:45 10871 2196 ? S28W60 X2.4 1991-05-18 05:13 20429 3376 ? N32W85 X2.8 1991-06-04 03:41 131163 165816 + N30E65 X12 + 1991-06-06 01:08 130439 186980 + N33E44 X12 + 1991-06-09 01:38 73994 23630 + N34E04 X10 + 1991-06-11 02:05 45671 10025 + + N31W17 X12 + 1991-10-24 02:38 33967 10637 S15E60 X2.1 1992-11-02 02:49 41312 12000 + 15% S23W90 X9 + 2001-04-02 21:47 24952 15600 Weak 1% N17W78 X20 2002-07-23 00:30 14821 6000 S13E72 X4.8 2002-08-24 01:00 11477 4300 + 5% S02W81 X3.1 + 2005-01-20 06:46 84500 50000 + 277% N14W61 X7.1 + 2000-11-08 23:28 weak weak strong N20W66 M7.4 + 2001-04-18 02:14 48 + 14% S23W92 C2.2 + 2001-12-26 05:05 764 111 + 7% N07W62 M7.1 + F 35 > 10 4 sfu  15 of 649 events

23. Summary High-energy protons in 2005 January 20 event were accelerated on the Sun, within the active region 2005 January 20 event was a major proton flare Moreover, it was a typical major proton flare Microwave emission in such events is generated by large number of electrons with hard spectrum in strong magnetic fields

24. We acknowledge Shibasaki San and NSRO for the opportunity to work here under perfect conditions Staff members of the NSRO for the hospitality