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Department of Geo-information Processing possibilities & pitfalls of web sites for spatial data dissemination Barend Köbben International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC)
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Department of Geo-information Processing Setting the stage Barend Köbben
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Department of Geo-information Processing Overview Why use maps? Changing Cartography Why use the Web? WebCartography: static ‘view-only’ web-maps static ‘interactive’ web-maps dynamic ‘view-only’ web-maps dynamic ‘interactive’ web-maps How the Web works
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Department of Geo-information Processing Why use graphics? Graphics are international: uitgang, exit, Ausgang, sortie, uscita, salida,etc... =
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Department of Geo-information Processing Why use graphics? Graphics are holistic: “a picture says more than a thousand words...” “First road left, then cross the railroad and continue until you cross the river, then the first right and right again on the crossroads...”
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Department of Geo-information Processing Why use maps? rainfall 12, 13, 14 september dirksland de bilt apeldoorn
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Department of Geo-information Processing Why use maps? apeldoorn de bilt dirksland
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Department of Geo-information Processing Why use maps? Maps give an instant and complete overview of spatial phenomena
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Department of Geo-information Processing Developments in cartography 1950’s first computer maps 1960’s / 1970’s automation of existing tasks (line drawings) 1980’s computer-assisted map production 1990’s full integration of maps in GI (scientific) visualization from supply to ‘demand’ driven mapping Internet / Web environments 2000’s location-based services in mobile environments
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Department of Geo-information Processing CHANGING CARTOGRAPHY new kinds of maps Interactive maps Realism & false realism: Virtual worlds Depiction of movement & change: Animated maps Combining maps with other graphics, sound and moving images: Multimedia
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Department of Geo-information Processing Traditional vs. interactive maps traditional map = view only map bitmaps (scanned images) interactive map (map as interface) clickable map: leads to other (web) information; map as menu; interactive map (user–defined contents) maps on demand; user defines contents and/or symbolisation
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Department of Geo-information Processing Interactive maps
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Department of Geo-information Processing The world mapped “as it is” Perspective view (instead of orthogonal) Complete (not generalised) Realistic (not symbolised) Photo–realism (or pseudo–realism) Virtual worlds
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Department of Geo-information Processing Virtual Worlds
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Department of Geo-information Processing Animated maps For showing dynamic phenomena As animated maps (“movies”) As dynamic real-time images (dynamic webpages) For moving through Virtual Worlds As animations (eg. animatedGIF, Quicktime movies) With interactive contents (modelled worlds, eg. games, VRML)
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Department of Geo-information Processing Multimedia definition “The combination of various media parts into a coherent whole” Media parts: maps, graphics, text, moving images, sound, text, etc... Coherent whole: The whole is more than the sum of the parts
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Department of Geo-information Processing On CD–ROM On the World Wide Web: a distributed, inter-linked collection of data + protocols to publish and retrieve this data (http, html, etc...) CHANGING CARTOGRAPHY new (digital) data dissemination
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Department of Geo-information Processing Why use the Web? WWW information is virtually platform- independent unrivalled in its capacity to reach many users at minimal costs easy to update frequently the WWW allows for a dynamic and interactive dissemination of spatial data: New map types
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Department of Geo-information Processing Disadvantages Potential user group is limited (though growing fast) and skewed (computer- literate and connected people) Difficult to charge for use Fast-moving: Information is time-sensitive Interactivity is a must
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Department of Geo-information Processing World Internet users Pie slices show regional shares of world population. Dark wedges show Internet users (numbers indicate Internet users as a percentage of the total population per region). Internet users of total world population: 5.7 % [UNDP 2000]
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Department of Geo-information Processing Technical constraints Map and file size Screen size & resolution Download times File formats Standardised: GIF & JPEG (raster), SVG (vector) Colour use Only 216 “web-save” colours Special map design needed
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Department of Geo-information Processing WebCartography Some examples Further examples: http://kartoweb.itc.nl/webcartography/workshop Webcartography/index.html Further reading: Kraak, Menno-Jan & Allan Brown (eds) (2001): Web Cartography, developments and prospects, London and New York: Taylor & Francis
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Department of Geo-information Processing WebCartography
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Static maps – view only Existing maps (scanned) mainly interesting for Historical maps Specially designed web- maps eg. cartography students at ITC
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Department of Geo-information Processing Static maps – interactive interface Map is entrance to other (map) information: ‘clickable maps’ HTML clickable maps (Netherlands in provinces) (Netherlands in provinces) Flash maps of Overijssel (data, magnify) (data, magnify) User can change map content & visualisation: from simple layers on/off… map of Overijssel (Flash) map of Overijssel (Flash) …to fully interactive Tuerlersee topographic map (SVG) Tuerlersee topographic map (SVG)
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Department of Geo-information Processing WebCartography
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Dynamic web maps For showing dynamic phenomena As animated maps (‘movies’) (eg. gondwana) (eg. gondwana) As dynamic real-time images (ANWB)ANWB
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Department of Geo-information Processing Dynamic web maps For moving through Virtual Worlds As a view-only animation (eg. animated GIF) With an interactive interface (“movie”) (eg. quicktime) (eg. quicktime) With interactive contents (modelled) (eg. games, VRML)VRML
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Department of Geo-information Processing Web graphics today standardised raster formats: fixed resolution (quality low or files large) original content (“information”) is lost difficult to get interactivity (other than ‘clickable maps’) binary formats (no searching/indexing of information, no internationalisation) W3C standardised: GIF, JPEG non-standard industry (proprietary) formats raster or vector; offering diverse, possibilities Countless examples, eg: PDF, Flash
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Department of Geo-information Processing Web graphics of the future: vector graphics, resolution-independent "content" of information saved client-side ‘rendering’ -> customisable for viewing environment XML-based W3C’s designated backbone for the future Web
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Department of Geo-information Processing XML (eXtensible Markup Language) not a fixed format, but a ‘metalanguage’ —a language for describing other languages— lets you design your own customized markup languages for limitless different types of documents eg. Geographic Markup Language (GML) - OpenGIS standard for geographical information written in SGML (the international standard metalanguage for text markup systems; ISO 8879) much more than a webpage language useable for storing and exchanging any kind of structured data
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Department of Geo-information Processing Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) graphic quality 2D vector graphics + in-line raster (jpeg, gif, png) all anti-aliased scalability vectors = resolution-independent (zoom, pan) transformable, user defined ‘coordinate-spaces’ interactivity declarative (in SVG objects) procedural (Javascript) animated & dynamic maps dynamic change of object attributes declarative syntax (limited file size) animation client-side
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Department of Geo-information Processing Links to examples: VRML model of Ramelerbrink: http://kartoweb.itc.nl/public_examples/Ramelerbrink_VRML.html Flyby Quicktime movie: http://kartoweb.itc.nl/public_examples/flyby.mov Interactive application of Gondwana continental drift: http://kartoweb.itc.nl/gondwana/gondwana.html Interactive contents (layers on/off) - Flash: http://kartoweb.itc.nl/public_examples/overijssel_interactive_contents.swf Interactive interface (magnifiy) - Flash: http://kartoweb.itc.nl/public_examples/overijssel_mapmagnifier.swf Interactive contents (map as menu) - Flash: http://kartoweb.itc.nl/public_examples/overijssel_interactive_interface.swf Interactive interface (map as menu) - HTML: http://kartoweb.itc.nl/public_examples/Clickable_map_NL_provinces/index.html Further examples of WebMaps: http://kartoweb.itc.nl/webcartography/workshop Webcartography/index.html Swiss map with LOD: http://kartoweb.itc.nl/public_examples/LOD_CH_SVG/LOD.html Swiss topographic map of Tuerlersee (hillshade & cross-sections): http://kartoweb.itc.nl/public_examples/Tuerlersee.html Morphing of London underground: http://kartoweb.itc.nl/public_examples/UndergroundMorph.html
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