1. His 1130 Colonial Latin America, Indigenous People and Cultural Change

2. Reading Quiz: Coates Ch. 3
Chapter Focus on Mutual Discovery
25 points per question:
1. How did Europeans describe the indigenous peoples that they met around the world?
2. What were indigenous impressions of the newcomers?
3. What does European focus on “heathenism” and “savagery” tell us about their own world?
4. What legacies of “First Contacts” are still visible?

3. Prepare for next class
Debate on African Slave Trade: See details on ASULEARN
Operative question: How did the slave trade change indigenous peoples, both in Africa and in the Americas?
1. Why did the Europeans enslave Africans?
A. Economic reasons (argued by A-M)
B. Racism and previous existence of slavery in Africa (argued by N-Z)
2. Did the Atlantic Slave trade change cultures in the Americas?
A. Slavery changed cultures in the Americas to a great degree (argued by A-M)
B. Slavery had little influence on cultures in the Americas (argued by N-Z)

4. A. Indigenous People in Latin America under Colonial Rule
What have we already learned and what do you know?

5. 1. Sixteenth Century Death and Resistance
Flight and Resistance: Chief Hatuey
Guahaba (Haiti), fled to eastern Cuba
Encomienda tribute and
Repartimiento Labor Systems
1536 Manco Inca besieged Cuzco
1541 Mixtec fortified Mixtón and Nochistlán
in New Spain, besieged Guadalajara to protest the encomienda
Spanish and Tlaxcaltec and Aztec soldiers recaptured towns
1564 Taki Onqoy movement in Huamanga, Peru
Reche (Araucanian) resistance, ongoing until 1882
Demographic Collapse and numbers, implications

6. 2. La Republica de Indios
Separate nation, a hereditary tribute-paying caste
Indian nobles
Corruption by kurakas, caciques
Why so divided?
Conditions pitted ayllus against
kurakas, ejidos against caciques
Demands and agressions
By late 16th century, native
aristrocracy in full decline

7. 3. Seventeenth Century: Ongoing Integration into Colonial Systems
Indigenous people drawn into social caste
system and colonial legal framework
Guaman Poma de Ayala: translator on visitas,
1,189-page letter to King Philip III 1600
Labor: haciendas, plantations, crafts,
brickmaking, artisanship, textiles

9. Jesuit Missions

10. Military Resistance Reche (Araucanian) resistance
Indigenous Integration, urbanization, ongoing
nonviolent resistance
Counter one-sided exploitation by showing indigenous agency
Long war against settlement in Brazil as Paulistas enslaved inland native people on missions
Maranhão tribes united and federated in their war against Europeans
Guaicurú tribes as far as Paraguay attacked settlements and missions

11. Hispanicized Cacique and Kuraka Familias
Some indigenous chiefs become wealthy
Many functioned as go-betweens tribe and Spanish authorities
Don Antonio de Hinojosa, who from was the Nahua governor of the municipality of Cuernavaca
Vast majority of resistance was nonviolent

12. 4. General Conditions and Resistance
Eighteenth Century Resistance
Indigenous demographic recovery
Creation of pan-indigenous identity
Ongoing Araucanian war against Spanish hegemony in Chile
Moysuti in Brazil Dominican mission burned, control entire western Brazilian savanna
over 100 Andean uprisings due to labor in Silver mines

13. Andean Uprisings Colonial Crisis
1742 Juan Santos Atahualpa messianic insurrection in the central highlands
1780 to 1782: Insurrection of Tupac Amaru II
Uprisings contribute to fear of creole elite
Bolívar dealt first with the local bands of indigenous and fugitive slaves in 1821 Quito
Bolívar reinforced decrees abolishing indigenous tribute and forced labor
Wars for independence and indigenous roles, participation 

14. Sources: Global History Ch. 3
Impressions of different peoples and their cultures
How did first contacts shape cultural changes?
What results of these first contacts are still evident? (Coates: p. 91)

15. E. Indian Local Government
Most Indians lived in own towns, some pre-hispanic, others new as reductions 
Alcalde, and regidor, elected every year, traditional chiefs by consensus
 Drastic changes of traditional native political and social structures
In Andes, Indian towns composed by neighborhoods or kinship gps (calpulli and ayllu) each w hereditary elders
Vara (staff) of leadership in northern Andean tradition
 Much Hispanicization (Cultural Mixture and Change) took place: dress, religion, tools, food
Spanish barriers prevented complete Hispanicization
Native communities fought to keep land, culture, speech, soc. org., dances, songs
Cofradias, (religious brotherhood) collective identity & security 

16. E. Conclusions: Cultural Changes in Colonial Latin America
How did European expansion change native cultures?
Conquest and Colonial imposition:
heavy material damage, psychological injury
Demographic Collapse from disease and Recovery
One symptom of Indian social disorganization was widespread alcoholism
Gradual Indigenous Integration into Colonial Structures and Society
How did indigenous cultures change?