1. Unit 3: Nationalism Spreads to the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Chapter 25

2. Essential Questions
What causes people to develop feelings of nationalism?
Is seeking divisions/enemies/others an inevitable part of human nature?
Is it possible for humans to define who they are without comparing themselves to who they are not?
What are the pros and cons of nationalism?
What are the modern-day implications of decisions made during this time period around the world?

3. Ottoman Empire During WWI
Background
Ottoman Empire founded in the 1300’s
At its height controlled most of the Middle East, North Africa, large parts of Europe
By WWI much weaker, “Sick man of Europe”
Sided with the Germans/Central Powers in WWI, was defeated by the Allies
Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire Before/During WWI
Nationalism appealed to a small elite (ex. Young Turks) but not to most people before WWI
During WWI, extreme nationalists took control of Ottoman Government
Ottoman Empire was culturally and ethnically very diverse, lots of religions, lots of ethnic minorities, why would that be a problem for ultra- nationalists?
Result: Armenian Genocide, 1 to 1.5 million people killed

4. Decline of Ottoman Empire

5. Ottoman Empire becomes Turkish Republic
Treaty of Sevres
Treaty signed by Turkey after the end of WWI (Turkey’s version of the Versailles Treaty)
Turkey lost all its possessions in the Middle East
Allied countries occupied large chunks of Turkey
Britain/France—southeast corner
Greece—western coast
Italy—southwestern coast
International Zone—northwest corner
Ottoman Sultan unable to do anything to repel the foreign invaders
Sultan overthrown by the military, Mustafa Kemal
Mustafa Kemal pushed all foreigners off of Turkish land
Republic of Turkey established, Mustafa Kemal became first president

6. Modern Turkey under Ataturk
Modernizing Turkey: Mustafa Kemal wanted Turkey to become more like the West
Last names: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (father of the Turks)
Arabic alphabet replaced with Roman alphabet
5 year plan to encourage industrialization
Secularization: outward signs of religion banned (no veils for women), religious toleration instituted
Western styles of dress: no fez hats for men
Education: free public school established
Women’s rights: legal equality for women, women encouraged to go to school and work outside the home, voting rights for women (1934)

7. Ataturk Introducing the New Alphabet to a Turkish Village

8. Ataturk’s Legacy Today
Ataturk’s ideas still are very influential in Turkey
Nationalism
Secularism
Republicanism
Problem: Turkey was/is a very religious place, lots of people didn’t like Ataturk’s reforms
Ataturk hand-picked candidates for the Turkish Parliament, only his political party was allowed, all other political parties were banned
Since Ataturk’s death the military and the courts have seen themselves as the guardians of his legacy
Often elections would put very religious politicians into power, who wanted to dismantle some of Ataturk’s reforms, the military would overthrow those elected politicians. (1960, 71, 80, 97) Is that right?
Since 2002 Turkey has become more democratic, the current Prime Minister has slowly allowed religion to become more prominent in Turkish society, is this good, bad, something else?
What caused the Turks to become nationalistic and rally around Ataturk?

9. Nationalism in the Middle East: Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine
Ottoman Empire during WWI
British and French vs. Ottomans
War not going well for the British/French, needed the Arabs to join their side
Hussein-McMahon Correspondence
British ambassador (McMahon) promised the Sharif of Mecca (Hussein) that the British would support Arab independence if the Arabs revolted against the Ottoman Turks
Arabs joined the British
Fighting against the Ottoman Turks helped build Arab nationalism and desire for an independent Arab state after the war

10. Things Get Messy: End of WWI
Contradictory Promises
Hussein-McMahon—British promised the Arabs independence
Balfour Declaration—British promised Jewish Zionists support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine
Sykes-Picot Agreement—British and French promised each other that they would divide and colonize the Middle East after WWI
Contradictions were settled at the Paris Peace Conference
Britain gained control of Mesopotamia (split into two and renamed Iraq and Trans-Jordan) as well as Palestine (open to Jewish immigration)
France gained control of Syria (split into Syria and Lebanon)
Arabs gained independence only in the territory around Mecca and Medina in the Arabian Peninsula (Hejaz)
Arabs tried to establish an independent state in Syria/Iraq but were forced out by the French military

11. Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916

12. Eventual Partition of the Middle East

13. Recap Arabs Promised—Independent Arab state in the Middle East
Arabs Got
Syria—French Mandate
Lebanon—French Mandate
Palestine—British Mandate, with Jewish migration
Transjordan—British Mandate with Arab King (Abdullah I)
Iraq—British Mandate with Arab King (Faisal)
Hejaz—Independent Arab state with Arab King (Sharif Hussein)
Hejaz conquered by Ibn Saud, became part of Saudi Arabia 1930’s

14. Problems In the Middle East
Arbitrary Borders
Britain/France drew lines on a map, didn’t correspond with who actually lived in those places
Different ethnic/religious groups lumped into the same country
Ex. Kurds and Sunni and Shiite Arabs in Iraq
Ex. Alawites, Sunni and Shiite Arabs, and Christians in Syria
Ex. Christians, Druze, and Sunni and Shiite Arabs in Lebanon
Ex. European Jews, Arab Jews, and Arab Muslims in Palestine

15. Ethnic and Religious Composition of Iraq

16. Ethnic and religious Composition of Syria

18. Religious Composition of LLebanon

20. Modern-Day Legacy in the Middle East
Palestine
Balfour Declaration=increased Jewish migration
Plans to split Palestine into an Arab and Jewish state after WWII failed
1948 war broke out between Jewish and Arab Palestinians
1948 Jewish Palestinians won, Israel created
Unresolved issues between Israelis and Palestinian Arabs till this day
Lebanon
Christian majority given most of the power by the French
By 1980s Christians no longer a majority still had the majority of the power
Civil war broke out in the 1980s
Shiite militant group, Hezbollah, gained power
Uneasy peace between Hezbollah, Christians, and Sunni Arabs today

21. Modern-Day Legacy in the Middle East
Iraq
King Faisal’s descendants overthrown
Baath Party representing Sunni Arabs took control in the 1960’s
Sunnis were a minority in Iraq
Saddam Hussein, Sunni Baath Party member, became dictator, brutally repressed Kurdish and Shiite rebellions
After US invasion in 2003 Saddam overthrown, Shiites in power
Ethnic tension between Sunnis and Shiites still remains today
Syria
Military dictatorship took control in the 1960s
Civil War broke out in 2011
Minority ethnic groups: Alawites, Shiites vs. Sunnis and Kurds
Jordan
Abdullah’s descendants still on the throne (Abdullah II)
Slowly making democratic reforms

22. Nationalism in Africa Nationalism in Africa = Desire For Independence
Factors that caused a rise in nationalism in Africa after WWI
Africans sent to Europe to fight in WWI
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points
Tired of European Imperialism
Young Africans educated in Europe coming back to Africa
Effect of Nationalism in Africa
Rise in desire for independence
Increase in rebellions against European rule
No independence (not until after WWII)

23. Nationalism in Asia French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) Japan
Wanted independence from France
Ho Chi Minh = the leader of the Vietnamese movement for independence
Vietnamese heavily influenced by communism, ideas of Lenin and the USSR
No independence until after WWII
Vietnamese defeated the French in 1954 gained independence
Japan
1920’s and 1930’s Japan was a liberal democracy
Heavily industrialized economy
Problems: Japan had a lot of people but not many natural resources
Late 1920’s the economy began to decline many turned away from liberalism and towards militant nationalism
Nationalists saw the military as the solution to Japan’s economic problems

24. Japanese Military and Extreme Nationalism
1931 Invasion of Manchuria
Mukden Incident—Japanese military destroyed their own railroad in Chinese Manchuria
Japan gained control of Manchuria
1937 Invasion of China
Japanese military blamed Chinese nationalists for attacking Japanese soldiers in Beijing
Japan responded by invading China
Japan vs. China (end of WWII)
Military in Control
Military used the war in China as an excuse to take over total control of Japanese society, government, culture
Question: What explains the rise of the military/nationalism in Japan?

25. Nationalism and Communism in China
Questions to think about:
What things caused nationalism in China in the early 1900s?
What happened to unity within the Chinese nationalist movement as time went on?
Background: China in the early 1900s
China was once the most powerful/advanced country in the world
During the late 1800s imperialized by European powers, “spheres of influence”
Chinese government lost control of most of the country to either European powers or local warlords who did whatever they wanted
Sun Yat-sen founded the Chinese Nationalist party to fight against European Imperialism and Chinese warlords
Paris Peace Conference: many in China hoped that the major powers would support Chinese independence, no more imperialism in China, that didn’t happen, led to a major upsurge in Chinese nationalism

26. Nationalists and Communists in China
Chinese Nationalist Party
Led by Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai Shek
Mostly a middle and upper class movement, popular in cities
Wanted to make China an independent Republic (like the US or Great Britain)
Wanted to kick imperialists and Chinese warlords out of China
Chinese Communist
Led by Mao Tse Tung (Mao Zedong)
Mostly a lower class movement, popular in the countryside
Wanted to make China an independent communist state (like USSR)
Nationalists and Communists wanted mostly the same things, so they united together in the early 1920s to achieve their shared goals

27. Nationalists and Communist Success and Problems
Great Northern Expedition
Nationalists and Communists recaptured most of China and defeated most warlords and took back large chunks of the country from foreign imperialist control
Nationalist-Communist Split
Chiang Kai-Shek distrusted the communists
1927 Shanghai massacre, Kai-Shek killed most of the Communist leadership in Shanghai
Republic of China
Nationalist made a new Republic of China led by Chiang Kai-Shek
Problems
Not very democratic
Ignored the wishes of the poor, especially in the countryside
Communists not totally defeated, still active in some parts of China
Nationalist government was very weak, only barely controlled large parts of China

30. Nationalist vs. Communist Civil War
The Long March
Chiang Kai-Shek launched an expedition to finally destroy the Communists in 1934
Mao Tse Tung fled from the Nationalists, 6,000 miles
Eventually reached safety outside of area controlled by Nationalists
WWII
Nationalists and Communists worked together from 1937 to 1945 to fight the Japanese
After WWII to Today
After WWII the Chinese communists were much stronger than the Nationalists
Civil War started up again, Communists won in 1949
Mainland China became a communist country People’s Republic of China
Chiang Kai Shek and his Nationalist supports fled to the island of Taiwan and crated the Republic of China (Taiwan)

32. China Today

33. Nationalism In Central and South America
What were things like in Central and South America during the early 1900s?
Economically?
Politically?
Foreign countries had a lot of influence and control over Central and South American affairs—especially US
Examples (political): US military occupation of Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, etc.
Examples (economic): Central/South American economies dependent upon exports to make money, and on imports to supply themselves with industrial goods
What kind of feelings would political and economic dependence cause people in Central/South America to have toward the US and other European countries? How would this help cause feelings of nationalism?

34. Nationalism in Central and South America
Great Depression
exposed problems with the economies of Central/South America, caused economic hardship
Led to calls for political and economic independence/self sufficiency
Good Neighbor Policy
US agreed not to use its military to invade other countries in Central/South America
Import Substitute Industrialization
Central/South American countries began to build their own industry so they wouldn’t have to import goods from abroad
Rise of populist political leaders
People began to support political leaders who looked out for the interests of the poor
Examples: Vargas in Brazil, Peron in Argentina, Cardenas in Mexico

35. Nationalization of the Oil Industry in Mexico
Nationalization=when a government takes over privately owned property and makes it the property of the people of the country or nation
Mexican government expropriated (took over) foreign owned oil wells and refineries in Mexico 1938
Why?
How an example of nationalism?

36. Diego Rivera