1. De-colonization in the Middle East
De-colonization in Palestine
De-colonization in Egypt
De-colonization in Algeria
Terms: Balfour Declaration, Gamal Nasser, Suez Crisis, Pied Noir

2. Mandates Colonies under a new name in the Middle East:
Syria, Lebanon to France
Lebanon, Independent 1943
Syria, Independent 1945
Palestine, Iraq to Great Britain
Iraq Independent in 1932 but British troops continued to support non-Iraqui monarch
Leftist coup 1958—ended British rule

3. I. De-colonization in Palestine
Palestine before Israel
Massive Jewish migration between wars
British tried to halt migration-failed with Holocaust
Britain turned it over to the United Nations in 1947

4. Creation of State of Israel
U.N. Declared Partition of Palestine
David Ben-Gurion declares statehood, 1948
War ended hostilities
Israel a state in area it occupied
600,000 Palestinians fled or were driven out, creating new population of stateless refugees

5. De-colonization in Egypt
European imperialism in Egypt
The Rise of Gamal Nasser – Army overthrows King Farouk and asserts independence
The Suez Crisis
1956- Britain withdraws troops
Egypt nationalizes waters/canal
Provoked - Israel attacks Egypt
France and England send ships to protect canal
U.S. forces French/British withdrawal
Begin of the end for Br. And Fr. Colonial Empires
U.S. moving in as interventionist power in Middle East

6. Algeria under the French
Algeria under the French from 19th Century
Many French migrated to Algeria – largest European settler pop. In N. Africa—the pieds noirs (black boots) – held 1/3 of all land
By 1950—80% pieds noirs born in Algeria
Algeria not a colony but an integral part of France
Algerian elite saw selves as more French than Algerian

7. Algerian War
FLN (National Liberation Front) launches movement for independence from French – 1954
French dug in, sending 400,000 troops to Algeria
Algerian women hiding behind headscarfs planted bombs in European cafes
French soldiers savagely tortured Algerian Arabs
Brutality of French soldiers led to massive anti-war protests in France
Led army to use torture against French citizens in France

8. Algerian War Continued
Pieds Noirs – determined to keep Algerian French, threatened coups, set off bombs in France and Algeria, and assassinated politicians
1958 army coup brings Charles de Gaulle to power – hope strong leader would keep Algeria
De Gaulle negotiates emergency powers and creates strong presidency to deal with crisis
Terrorism in France and Algeria escalated
De Gaulle negotiates settlement with Algerian leaders in 1962, making Algeria Independent after 300,000 Algerians and 20,000 Frenchmen killed
Millions of pieds noirs and Algerian supporters flee to France