1. Integrated Natural Science

2. Integrated Natural Science Detroit Public Schools
for
Detroit Public Schools
Intergrated Science is a new hands-on program developed in-house by CPO Science
Note to presenter: This follows Investigation 4.2
Materials:
Students work in groups of three to four at tables.
Each group should have:
Lever with carriage bolt and black knob
4 Lever strings
Physics stand
Weight set
Levers
Kat Woodring

3. Key Questions:
4.2.1 Analyze and label the parts of a lever and evaluate how a lever multiplies force.
4.2.2 Provide examples of first, second and third class levers.
4.2.3 Compare parts of the human body to the types of levers.
4.2.4 Calculate and determine the mechanical advantage of a lever.
These are the key questions for our investigation. Key questions challenge students to explore the parts of a lever system and how the lever works. By using the equipment and experimenting, students get a first hand feel for the scientific process as they develop ideas and test their hypothesis.

4. District Outcomes
Qualitatively and quantitatively explain forces and charges in motion.
Observe and explain forces as push and pull, acting on an object and exerted by the object.
Analyze the operations of machines in terms of force and motion.

5. Lever Assembly SAFETY NOTE:
WATCH for FALLING weights on bare toes or sandals or table tops!
DO not place the fulcrum higher than hole 3 of stand!

6. 4.1 Forces in Machines
A simple machine is an unpowered mechanical device, such as a lever.

7. Introducing… The Lever
A lever includes a stiff structure (the lever) that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum.
fulcrum

8. Anatomy of the lever Fulcrum – point around which the lever rotates
Input Force – Force exerted ON the lever
Output Force – Force exerted BY the lever
The Lever is a simple machine. A simple machine is a device that has an input and output force. The Fulcrum is the point around which the lever rotates, and is pretty much synonymous with levers. It was Aristotle that said “ Give me a lever and a fulcrum and I shall move the Earth.” The lever pictured is only one kind of lever. There are a total of 3 “classes” of levers. This one is of class One, because the fulcrum is in between the input and output forces. We find examples of all three classes of levers everywhere.

9. Levers and the human body
Your body contains muscles attached to bones in ways that act as levers.
Here the biceps muscle attached in front of the elbow opposes the muscles in the forearm.
Can you think of other muscle levers in your body?

10. Three Classes of Levers
First Class - fulcrum between Input and output
Second Class – output between fulcrum and input
Examples of three kinds of levers. The pair of pliers is a first class lever because the fulcrum is between the forces. The wheelbarrow is a second class lever because the output force is between the fulcrum and input force. Human arms and legs are all examples of third class levers because the input forces (muscles) are always between the fulcrum (a joint) and the output force (what you accomplish with your feet or hands)
Third Class – input between fulcrum and output

12. CPO Lever – First Class All The Way
This is Investigation You can use your handout/Investigation Manual to follow along.
The CPO lever is a first class lever. The first thing to do is put two weights on the lever to get it to balance. Notice that you can attach the weights at different places on the lever. The weights are easily attached by slipping a loop of yellow string through the hole in the weight and threading one side of the string through the other. Most people will realize quickly that the two weights must be placed equal distances from the fulcrum.
Here we have a first class lever
The fulcrum is between the input and output
Can you get two weights to balance?

13. Levers in Equilibrium Hang your weights like shown here
Does the lever balance?
What variables can be changed to balance a lever?
First of all, we don’t have equal #s of weights on each side. Second of all they are at different distances from the fulcrum. Yet the lever balances, or more scientifically, it is in Equilibrium. How could this be? What factors, or variables could be changed to reach equilibrium?

14. Four Variables in a Lever
Amount of Input Force
Amount of Output Force
Length of Input Arm
Length of Output Arm
Initially, the terminology of Input vs. Output can be a bit confusing, but here’s the deal- the side you first put weight on will be the Input side, and the side to which you must add weight to balance the Lever will be the Output side. We’re going to assume each individual weight has the same mass, and therefore weighs the same. Therefore, we can easily refer to the Input and Output forces in terms of the # of weights, like 1, 2, or 3 weights. Since each weight must be hung at a particular hanging spot on the lever, and the distance away from the fulcrum is marked right on the hook, figuring out the lengths of the Input and Output arms is simple. Whatever the number on the hook from which you are hanging weight, that is the length of that particular arm.

15. Lever Challenge Hang weights from the lever and get it to balance.
Use at least 3 strings!
Do 4 trials and record how many weights to hang and where you hang them.
Investigation 5.1 The Lever - Its easy to balance 2 weights on the lever, that comes natural to us. But what about when there are more than 2? For this investigation we are going to balance 2,3,4 or even 5 weights. We are also going to try to use more than just one location on each side of the fulcrum. Try to use two or even three. From the example in the slide, you can see there are many ways to get the lever to balance. Challenge yourself to find four different balancing situations and record them on the chart. The ones on there now are merely examples and they are not allowed to be used. SORRY!

16. Lever Challenge
Investigation 5.1 The Lever - Its easy to balance 2 weights on the lever, that comes natural to us. But what about when there are more than 2? For this investigation we are going to balance 2,3,4 or even 5 weights. We are also going to try to use more than just one location on each side of the fulcrum. Try to use two or even three. From the example in the slide, you can see there are many ways to get the lever to balance. Challenge yourself to find four different balancing situations and record them on the chart. The ones on there now are merely examples and they are not allowed to be used. SORRY!

17. Lever Modification Hang 1 weight 10 cm from the fulcrum.
Where does the output force need to be to oppose our input force? 1 1
Investigation 5.1 The Lever - Its easy to balance 2 weights on the lever, that comes natural to us. But what about when there are more than 2? For this investigation we are going to balance 2,3,4 or even 5 weights. We are also going to try to use more than just one location on each side of the fulcrum. Try to use two or even three. From the example in the slide, you can see there are many ways to get the lever to balance. Challenge yourself to find four different balancing situations and record them on the chart. The ones on there now are merely examples and they are not allowed to be used. SORRY!

18. Basic Lever Investigation
If we move the input force 10 cm, how much more do we need to add for the same output force?
Try it... 1
Investigation 5.1 The Lever - Its easy to balance 2 weights on the lever, that comes natural to us. But what about when there are more than 2? For this investigation we are going to balance 2,3,4 or even 5 weights. We are also going to try to use more than just one location on each side of the fulcrum. Try to use two or even three. From the example in the slide, you can see there are many ways to get the lever to balance. Challenge yourself to find four different balancing situations and record them on the chart. The ones on there now are merely examples and they are not allowed to be used. SORRY!

19. Basic Lever Investigation
If we move the input force 10 more cm, how much more do we need to add for the same output force?
Add two masses at 20 cm.
HINT: you will need two strings 1
Investigation 5.1 The Lever - Its easy to balance 2 weights on the lever, that comes natural to us. But what about when there are more than 2? For this investigation we are going to balance 2,3,4 or even 5 weights. We are also going to try to use more than just one location on each side of the fulcrum. Try to use two or even three. From the example in the slide, you can see there are many ways to get the lever to balance. Challenge yourself to find four different balancing situations and record them on the chart. The ones on there now are merely examples and they are not allowed to be used. SORRY!

20. Basic Levers Investigation
Investigation 5.1 The Lever - Its easy to balance 2 weights on the lever, that comes natural to us. But what about when there are more than 2? For this investigation we are going to balance 2,3,4 or even 5 weights. We are also going to try to use more than just one location on each side of the fulcrum. Try to use two or even three. From the example in the slide, you can see there are many ways to get the lever to balance. Challenge yourself to find four different balancing situations and record them on the chart. The ones on there now are merely examples and they are not allowed to be used. SORRY!

21. Mathematical Rule for Balancing the Lever
What mathematical relationship can you find that will balance the lever every time?
Put your rule in terms of input and output and forces and distances.
What if there is more than one location on either side of the lever?

22. What is the Relationship?
Input Force
x Length of Input Arm
Output Force
x Length of Output Arm =
Force x Distance = Force x Distance
# of Weights x Distance =
# of Weights x Distance

23. What if there several groups of weights ?
Sum of Input = Sum of Output
(F1 x D1) + (F2 x D2) =
(F3 x D3) + (F4 x D4)

24. Mechanical Advantage
We use the same kind of relationship for all simple machines to calculate Mechanical Advantage.
Output Force / Input Force

25. MA = Fo Fi 4.1 Mechanical Advantage Output force (N) mechanical
Input force (N)

26. Michigan Content Expectations
P4.1c Explain why work has a more precise scientific meaning than the meaning of work in everyday language.
P4.1d Calculate the amount of work done on an object that is moved from one position to another.
P4.1e Using the formula of work, derive a formula for change in potential energy of an object lifted in a distance h.