Figure 22.0 Title page from The Origin of Species.

Figure 22.0 Title page from The Origin of Species

Figure 22.1 The historical context of Darwin’s life and ideas

Figure 22.2 Fossils of trilobites, animals that lived in the seas hundreds of millions of years ago

Figure 22.3 Formation of sedimentary rock and deposition of fossils from different time periods

Figure 22.4 Strata of sedimentary rock at the Grand Canyon

Figure 22.5 The Voyage of HMS Beagle

Figure 22.6 Galápagos finches

Figure 22.7 Descent with modification

Figure 22.8 Overproduction of offspring

Figure 22.9 A few of the color variations in a population of Asian lady beetles

Figure 22.10 Camouflage as an example of evolutionary adaptation

Figure 22.11a Artificial selection: cattle breeders of ancient Africa

Figure 22.11b Artificial selection: diverse vegetables derived from wild mustard

Figure 22.12 Evolution of insecticide resistance in insect populations

Figure 22.13 Evolution of drug resistance in HIV

Figure 22.14 Homologous structures: anatomical signs of descent with modification

Table 22.1 Molecular Data and the Evolutionary Relationships of Vertebrates

Figure 22.15 Different geographic regions, different mammalian “brands”

Figure 22.16 The evolution of fruit fly (Drosophila) species on the Hawaiian archipelago

Figure 22.17 A transitional fossil linking past and present

Figure 22.18 Charles Darwin in 1859, the year The Origin of Species was published

Figure 22.x1 Darwin as an ape

Figure 22.x2 Georges Cuvier

Figure 22.x3 Charles Lyell

Figure 22.x4 Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Figure 22.x5 Alfred Wallace

Figure 23.0 Shells

Figure 23.1 Individuals are selected, but populations evolve

Figure 23.x1 Edaphic Races of Gaillardia pulchella

Figure 23.2 Population distribution

Figure 23.3a The Hardy-Weinberg theorem

Figure 23.3b The Hardy-Weinberg theorem

Figure 23.4 Genetic drift

Figure 23.5 The bottleneck effect: an analogy

Figure 23.5x Cheetahs, the bottleneck effect

Figure 23.6 Gene flow and human evolution

Figure 23.7 A nonheritable difference within a population

Figure 23x2 Polymorphism

Figure 23.8 Clinal variation in a plant

Figure 23.9 Geographic variation between isolated populations of house mice

Figure 23.10 Mapping malaria and the sickle-cell allele

Figure 23.11 Frequency-dependent selection in a host-parasite relationship

Figure 23.12 Modes of selection

Figure 23.12x Normal and sickled cells

Figure 23.13 Directional selection for beak size in a Galápagos population of the medium ground finch

Figure 23.14 Diversifying selection in a finch population

Figure 23.15 The two-fold disadvantage of sex

Figure 23.16x1 Sexual selection and the evolution of male appearance

Figure 23.16x2 Male peacock

Figure 24.0 A Galápagos Islands tortoise

Figure 24.2a The biological species concept is based on interfertility rather than physical similarity

Figure 24.2b The biological species concept is based on interfertility rather than physical similarity

Figure 24.3 Courtship ritual as a behavioral barrier between species

Figure 24.5 A summary of reproductive barriers between closely related species

Figure 24.1 Two patterns of speciation

Figure 24.6 Two modes of speciation

Figure 24.7 Allopatric speciation of squirrels in the Grand Canyon

Figure 24.8 Has speciation occurred during geographic isolation?

Figure 24.9 Ensatina eschscholtzii, a ring species

Figure 24.10 Long-distance dispersal

Figure 24.11 A model for adaptive radiation on island chains

Figure 24.12 Evolution of reproductive isolation in lab populations of Drosophila

Figure 24.13 Sympatric speciation by autopolyploidy in plants

Figure 24.14a Botanist Hugo de Vries

Figure 24.14b The new primrose species of botanist Hugo de Vries

Figure 24.15 One mechanism for allopolyploid speciation in plants

Figure 24.16 Mate choice in two species of Lake Victoria cichlids

Figure 24.18 A range of eye complexity among mollusks

Figure 24.17 Two models for the tempo of speciation

Figure 24.19 Allometric growth

Figure 24.20 Heterochrony and the evolution of salamander feet among closely related species

Figure 24.21 Paedomorphosis

Figure 24.22 Hox genes and the evolution of tetrapod limbs

Figure 24.23 Hox mutations and the origin of vertebrates

Figure 24.24 The branched evolution of horses

Figure 25.1 A gallery of fossils

Figure 25.1a Dinosaur National Monument

Figure 25.1d Leaf impression

Figure 25.1b Skulls of Australopithecus and Homo erectus

Figure 25.1c Petrified trees

Figure 25.1e Ammonite

Figure 25.1f Dinosaur tracks

Figure 25.1g Scorpion in amber

Figure 25.1h Mammoth tusks

Figure 25.1x1 Sedimentary deposit

Figure 25.1x2 Barosaurus

Table 25.1 The Geologic Time Scale

Figure 25.2 Radiometric dating

Figure 25.3x2 San Andreas fault

Figure 25.4 The history of continental drift

Figure 25.5 Diversity of life and periods of mass extinction

Figure 25.6 Trauma for planet Earth and its Cretaceous life

Figure 25.6x Chicxulub crater

Figure 25.7 Hierarchical classification

Figure 25.8 The connection between classification and phylogeny

Unnumbered Figure (page 494) Cladograms

Figure 25.9 Monophyletic versus paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups

Figure 25.10 Convergent evolution and analogous structures

Figure 25.13 Aligning segments of DNA

Figure 25.11 Constructing a cladogram

Figure 25.12 Cladistics and taxonomy

Figure 25.14 Simplified versions of a four-species problem in phylogenetics

Figure 25.15a Parsimony and molecular systematics

Figure 25.15b Parsimony and molecular systematics (Layer 1)

Figure 25.16 Parsimony and the analogy-versus-homology pitfall

Figure 25.17 Dating the origin of HIV-1 M with a molecular clock

Figure 25.18 Modern systematics is shaking some phylogenetic trees

Figure 25.19 When did most major mammalian orders originate?

Figure 26.1 Some major episodes in the history of life

Figure 27.2 The three domains of life

Table 27.2 A Comparison of the Three Domains of Life

Figure 27.12 Contrasting hypotheses for the taxonomic distribution of photosynthesis among prokaryotes

Figure 27.13 Some major groups of prokaryotes

Figure 28.6 Traditional hypothesis for how the three domains of life are related

Figure 28.7 An alternative hypothesis for how the three domains of life are related

Figure 28.8 A tentative phylogeny of eukaryotes

Figure 29.1 Some highlights of plant evolution

Figure 30.4 Hypothetical phylogeny of the seed plants

Figure 32.4 A traditional view of animal diversity based on body-plan grades

Figure 32.1 Early embryonic development (Layer 1)

Figure 32.2 A choanoflagellate colony

Figure 32.3 One hypothesis for the origin of animals from a flagellated protist

Figure 32.4 A traditional view of animal diversity based on body-plan grades

Figure 32.5 Body symmetry

Figure 32.6 Body plans of the bilateria

Figure 32.7 A comparison of early development in protostomes and deuterostomes

Figure 32.8 Animal phylogeny based on sequencing of SSU-rRNA

Figure 32.9 A trochophore larva

Figure 32.10 Ecdysis

Figure 32.11 A lophophorate

Figure 32.12 Comparing the molecular based and grade-based trees of animal phylogeny

Figure 32.13 A sample of some of the animals that evolved during the Cambrian explosion

Figure 32.13x Burgess Shale fossils

Figure 32.14 One Cambrian explosion, or three?

Figure 34.1 Clades of extant chordates

Figure 26.0 A painting of early Earth showing volcanic activity and photosynthetic prokaryotes in dense mats

Figure 26.0x Volcanic activity and lightning associated with the birth of the island of Surtsey near Iceland; terrestrial life began colonizing Surtsey soon after its birth

Figure 26.2 Clock analogy for some key events in evolutionary history

Unnumbered Figure (page 512) Evolutionary clock: Origin of life

Unnumbered Figure (page 512) Evolutionary clock: Prokaryotes

Figure 26.3 Early (left) and modern (right) prokaryotes

Figure 26.3x1 Spheroidal Gunflint Microfossils

Figure 26.3x2 Filamentous cyanobacteria from the Bitter Springs Chert

Figure 26.4 Bacterial mats and stromatolites

Figure 26.4x Stromatolites in Northern Canada

Unnumbered Figure (page 513) Evolutionary clock: Atmospheric oxygen

Figure 26.5 Banded iron formations are evidence of the vintage of oxygenic photosynthesis

Unnumbered Figure (page 514) Evolutionary clock: Eukaryotes

Unnumbered Figure (page 514) Evolutionary clock: Multicellular eukaryotes

Figure 26.6 Fossilized alga about 1.2 billion years old

Figure 26.7 Fossilized animal embryos from Chinese sediments 570 million years old

Unnumbered Figure (page 515) Evolutionary clock: Animals

Unnumbered Figure (page 515) Evolutionary clock: Land plants

Figure 26.8 The Cambrian radiation of animals

Figure 26.9 Louis Pasteur

Figure 26.9 Pasteur and biogenesis of microorganisms (Layer 1)

Figure 26.10 The Miller-Urey experiment

Figure 26.10x Lightning

Figure 26.11 Abiotic replication of RNA

Figure 26.12 Laboratory versions of protobionts

Figure 26.13 Hypothesis for the beginnings of molecular cooperation

Figure 26.14 A window to early life?

Figure 26.15 Whittaker’s five-kingdom system

Figure 26.16 Our changing view of biological diversity

Figure 22.0 Title page from The Origin of Species.

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Figure 22.0 Title page from The Origin of Species.

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