1. Change Talk: Processual Differences in Criminal Justice Settings during Implementation Danielle S. Rudes Shannon Portillo Jill Viglione Lincoln B. Sloas Kirsten Hutzell Faye S. Taxman Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence (ACE!) CRIMINOLOGY, LAW AND SOCIETY GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY

2. NIDA U01 DA 16213; CJ-DATS is funded by NIDA in collaboration with: SAMHSA, CDC, NIAAA, and BJA Faye S. Taxman, Ph.D. Danielle S. Rudes, Ph.D. Shannon Portillo, Ph.D. Anne Rhodes, M.S. Amy Murphy, M.P.P. Jennifer Lerch, M.A. Maxine Stitzer, Ph.D. Peter Luongo, Ph.D., LCSW-C Peter Friedmann, M.D., M.Ph. Sandy Ressler, M.F.A. Jill Viglione, M.A. Erin Crites, M.A. Stephanie Ainsworth, M.A. Lincoln B. Sloas, M.A. Project Team

3.  Evidence-based treatment  Shape behaviors through rewards  Focus on a social contract for behavior  Technique to replace immediate “drug using”; structured rewards Adaptation  Fit to Environment  Include Sanctions

4. Positive incentives w/ point system Clear guidelines about earning points Emphasize abstinence from drugs Early incentives Point escalation Integrating point system into existing system Bonuses Focus on no more than 3 behaviors at a time

5. SiteInitial (a)Added (b) OneDrug Court-- TwoDrug CourtReentry Court ThreeDrug CourtGang Court FourRegular Caseload-- FiveUndeterminedHalfway House & Drug Court* *Started with one ideas regarding implementing in one location/program but realized program not far enough along for CM. When program was ready they added it back into JSTEPS.

6.  How do criminal justice workers understand and discuss change barriers and facilitators throughout implementation processes?

7.  Change occurs in language (Ford & Ford, 1995)  Organizational change is created through continuous dialogue between tacit and explicit knowledge (Nonaka, 1994)  Process of change is linked to four stages— anticipation, confirmation, culmination, and aftermath (Isabella, 1990)

8.  Data collection  Pre-implementation site visits  Site visits during implementation/learning team meetings  Follow-up  Data analysis  Atlas.ti  Utilized a line-by-line coding structure, linking each line of text to a code or codes from the coding list that developed  We use change talk as a mechanism to understand change processes

9. Phase 1 Phase 2Phase 3 AdoptionImplementationSustainability 0 6 12 18 24 Months Site visits at S1, 2a, 2b, 3a, 4, Learning Meeting & Org survey Site visit at S5, follow-up TA, feedback reports & telephone calls Follow up site visits at S1, 2a/b, 3a, 4 &5; site visit S3b, TA, feedback reports & follow up phone calls 2 nd learning meeting Follow up phone calls & feedback reports Wrap up site visits & phone calls

10. ADOPTION 0 6 12 18 24 S1 B A S2a BA S2bB A S3a B A S3bAB S4 B A S5aB S5b B A Months

11.  Talk about a change barrier at Site Three  One team member from Site Three commented that the Judge is also a poor leader. She stated that “We have a leader who couldn’t lead a one car parade…” She further commented that “she was really shocked that Judge Marcus ever got anything done because he could not make a decision.  Talk about a change facilitator at Site Three  In addition, he mentions “that drug court makes the PD and AUSA get along, they are no longer playing ‘bad guy’ and ‘good guy’ they have to work as a team to get people to help.”

12.  Talk about a change barrier at Site Five  Some supportive and some unsupporting and looking for reasons why they should not move forward with JSTEPS  Talk about a change facilitator at Site Five  PO thinks the client who discussed the incentives with us is going very well. He notes that that client likes to be told he is doing well and that during the group today PO told him (at the client's urging) 3-4 times. He seems to have it together and really wants to be with his family.

13. IMPLEMENTATION 0 6 12 18 24 S1 A B S2a B A S2bB A S3a A B S3bB A S4 B A S5aB S5b A B Months

14.  Talk about a change barrier at Site Three  Data suggest that the team perceived the “biggest issues are hard core heroin users who stay for a few weeks and then drop off/quit coming.”  Talk about a change facilitator at Site Three  One PO stated that “she loved drug court and she was happy with everything that they were doing.” (who said)

15.  Talk about a change barrier at Site Five  Point system won't work with pre conditions because not drug tested as much and he doesn’t have access to their information because they are not officially on supervision yet  Talk about a change facilitator at Site Five  The team found the points system easy and manageable, and allows for a summary of the client's progress than can be given to appropriate parties.

16. SUSTAINABILITY 0 6 12 18 24 S1 B S2a S2b S3a B A S3b S4 B S5a S5b B Months

17.  Talk about a change barrier at Site Three  Specifically, the team reported that the “US attorney tried to expend very little resources on the program.”  Talk about a change facilitator at Site Three  Site has secured funding since the depletion of JSTEPS funding to keep the program running

18.  Talk about a change barrier at Site Five  Try to use attorney admissions fund but not sure if they will get access to it  Talk about a change facilitator at Site Five  None indicated

19.  What we have learned…  Change talk varied between the two sites in terms of adoption, implementation, and sustainability  It is important to distinguish between what the sites did behaviorally and how their attitudes of JSTEPS developed  Next steps…  Future studies will consist moving beyond the 18-month time point to see if each site is still sustaining

20. Mahalo!